Evidence mapPaperPMID 40469128Full record

ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2025

Promoting a Smartphone-Free Bedroom Environment to Enhance Sleep Quality among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia.

Manal Almalki, Manal Abasher Mohamed, Ali M Alzahrani

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Manal AlmalkiManal Almalki Department of Public Health, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Manal Abasher MohamedManal Abasher Mohamed Department of Public Health, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Ali M AlzahraniAli M. Alzahrani Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: This study investigates the impact of smartphone usage habits on sleep quality among undergraduate students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2023 at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire included three sections: demographic characteristics, smartphone usage habits, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for assessing sleep quality. Descriptive analysis and inferential tests were utilized. Results: Among 1,153 participants, the average PSQI score of 8.19, indicating poor sleep quality. Nearly three-quarters (73.46%) of participants used smartphones for over six hours daily. Regression analysis revealed three significant predictors of poor sleep: smartphone use in the evening, waking up frequently to check phones, and spending 1-2 hours on a smartphone at bedtime. Smartphone use for two hours or more before bedtime was linked to prolonged sleep latency (31.21%), frequent sleep disturbances (16.67%), increased reliance on sleep medications (4.96%), and notable daytime dysfunction (4.96%). Waking up twice or more to check smartphones had the strongest association with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: High smartphone use is a risk factor for poor sleep quality among university students. Promoting a smartphone-free bedroom environment is suggested as an effective strategy to enhance sleep hygiene and reduce frequent sleep interruptions.

Indexed as

PSQISleep hygieneSleep qualitySmartphone usageUndergraduate students

Identifiers

PMID40469128
PMCPMC12130935

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.