ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Microglia and neuroinflammation: An in-depth analysis from functional diversity to disease mechanisms.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Identification of distinct HIV reservoir phenotypes and associated immune landscapes.JCI insight · 2026Article
- The brain as an HIV reservoir: Recent findings using autopsy tissues from people with HIV.PLoS pathogens · 2026Review
- HIV Reservoirs in Brain parenchyma and Cerebrospinal Fluid During Suppressive ART: Same-Same or Very Different?Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Central Nervous System HIV Persistence and Clinical Consequences During Suppressive ART.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Smoldering in the sanctuary: HIV-associated brain injury in the ART era.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Microglial reactivity and nodule formation are associated with Synaptodendritic damage in the brains of people with HIV-1.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- HIV Promoters Isolated from Brain and Peripheral Tissue of Virally Suppressed PWH Are Phylogenetically and Functionally Similar.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Integrated Transcriptomic and Machine Learning Analysis Reveals Immune-Related Regulatory Networks in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 associated neurological disorder ("HAND" to "SAND"): Viral infection as a "time-bomb" for the aging brain.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- Nicotine and neurocognition in HIV: Translational challenges and therapeutic potential.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Methamphetamine Induces Metallothionein 1 Expression and an Inflammatory Phenotype in Primary Human HIV-Infected Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV (PWH) continue to exhibit brain pathology, and ~20% of individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. However, the state of cellular activation in the brain of virally suppressed (VS) PWH and the impact of local viral reservoirs on cellular activation are unclear. Using multiplex immunofluorescence imaging, here, we demonstrate that the frontal cortex brain tissue from both non-virally suppressed (nVS; n=17) and VS PWH (n=18) have higher frequencies of astrocytes and myeloid cells expressing interferon-inducible Mx-1 and proinflammatory TNFα relative to HIV-seronegative individuals (p<0.05 for all). The frequency of TGF-β1+ cells were also elevated in the brain tissue from both nVS and VS PWH, which may support active immunoregulatory responses despite ART. Importantly, the frequency of Mx1+ myeloid cells correlated with levels of total HIV DNA and intact and 5' defective HIV proviral DNA (p<0.05 for all) in the brain of VS PWH. These findings demonstrate that cell activation persists in the brain of VS PWH and is associated with HIV DNA in the brain, which may contribute to neuropathology.
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