SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2025
Risk factors for checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pneumonitis in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Lessons from Lung Cancer.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- [Advances in Radiomics for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Pneumonitis of Lung Cancer].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
- FOLFOX plus nivolumab combination therapy for cisplatin-unfit patients with untreated advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Esophagus : official journal of the Japan Esophageal Society · 2026Article
- Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors prior to chest radiotherapy.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Role of Advanced Age and Risk Factors in Postoperative Outcomes Following Major Lung Cancer Resection.Thoracic cancer · 2026Article
- The price of immune awakening: bridging knowledge gaps in checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2026Article
- Pulmonary toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2026Review
- When Checkpoint Inhibitors Break Barriers: Mechanisms and Challenges of irAEs of the Skin, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Lung.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- The management of rheumatic immune related adverse events.Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Comparative Risks of Pneumonitis Amongst Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sex-specific reporting patterns and onset timing of immune-related adverse events associated with nivolumab and pembrolizumab: a dual-database pharmacovigilance analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Risk factors, severity-related factors, and clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in elderly patients with lung cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Respiratory adverse events associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: an analysis based on the FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Comparative effectiveness of two first-line, ICI-based regimens for advanced HCC: a target trial emulation using an electronic medical record network.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis: a retrospective comparative clinical performance study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Inferring tumor immune microenvironment -related risk states from pretreatment H&E pathomics and clinical biomarkers to predict checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in advanced NSCLC: a multicenter multimodal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Early prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer based on primary tumor delta-radiomics features.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Consequences of adverse events in cancer immunotherapy combinations - a comprehensive real-world analysis.Immunotherapy · 2025Article
- Fatal early-onset checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in a patient with advanced squamous-cell lung cancer with underlying pulmonary fibrosis: a case report and review of the literature.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Pneumonitis in Older Patients With Non-squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Pembrolizumab and Pemetrexed.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) significantly improve survival in lung cancer patients. However, checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) remains a critical safety concern. This meta-analysis systematically evaluates demographic, clinical, and laboratory risk factors associated with CIP development to guide risk-stratified management. Methods: We systematically searched eight databases from inception to February 20, 2025. Study quality was assessed using the NOS. Adjusted risk factors from multivariate analyses were pooled in RevMan 5.4. Sensitivity analyses addressed heterogeneity, and funnel plots evaluated publication bias. Results: 28 NOS-certified high-quality studies were included. 20 risk factors comprised: advanced age, male sex, smoking status, preexisting interstitial lung abnormalities, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, thoracic radiotherapy history, squamous cell carcinoma histology (versus adenocarcinoma), early-stage NSCLC (Stage III versus IV), multifocal metastases (≥2 sites), PD-1 inhibitors (versus PD-L1 agents), elevated PD-L1 expression (≥50%), pembrolizumab use (versus nivolumab), AEC, CRP, PLR, WBC, and hypoalbuminemia. Sensitivity analyses confirmed consistency between FEM and REM; funnel plots indicated no publication bias. Conclusion: This study identifies 20 independent CIP risk factors in ICI-treated lung cancer patients. Early screening and intervention for high-risk populations are critical to reducing CIP incidence and improving clinical outcomes. These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing ICI safety in real-world practice. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/myprospero, identifier CRD420250655469.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.