Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40471504›Full record

ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026

Design and characterization of intravitreal bevacizumab-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution impact.

Rubén Varela-Fernández, Xurxo García-Otero, Andrea Cuartero-Martínez, Noemí Gómez-Lado, Miguel González-Barcia, Cristina Mondelo-García, Pablo Aguiar, Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro, Francisco Otero-Espinar

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Emerging ophthalmic drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Rubén Varela-Fernández *Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
Xurxo García-Otero *Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
Andrea Cuartero-MartínezDepartment of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
Noemí Gómez-LadoMolecular Imaging Biomarkers and Theragnosis Lab, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Miguel González-BarciaFarmaChusLab Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
Cristina Mondelo-GarcíaFarmaChusLab Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
Pablo AguiarMolecular Imaging Biomarkers and Theragnosis Lab, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. pablo.aguiar.fernandez@gmail.com.
Anxo Fernández-FerreiroFarmaChusLab Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain. anxordes@gmail.com.
Francisco Otero-EspinarDepartment of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain. francisco.otero@usc.es.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-2253

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for treating neovascular and oncological conditions, faces challenges in biodistribution and targeted delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have shown promise in enhancing the pharmacokinetic profiles of biologic drugs. This study aimed to develop and characterize bevacizumab-loaded PLGA nanoparticles to modify antibody's distribution and improve its therapeutic efficacy. Characterization studies, morphological examination, release profile determination, stability and physical properties were conducted. Biodistribution was studied in rats using PET/CT imaging. Optimized nanoparticles were spherical (around 300 nm) and surface charge (about - 20 mV). Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading varied from 75 to 95%. Stability studies demonstrated minimal changes in size and drug content over the studied period. In vitro release exhibited a biphasic pattern, with an initial burst followed by a sustained release phase. In vivo pharmacokinetics and distribution revealed altered antibody distribution by encapsulation into nanoparticles. Safety studies indicated no significant cytotoxicity or adverse effects. The developed bevacizumab nanoparticles demonstrated favorable physicochemical characteristics, stability, and release profiles. These findings warrant further investigation in disease-specific models to elucidate the clinical potential of this nanoparticle-based delivery system for bevacizumab, particularly in enhancing anti-angiogenic effects and overcoming barriers to effective delivery in target tissues.

Indexed as

Angiogenesis InhibitorsBevacizumabNanoparticlesPolylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid CopolymerAnimalsDrug CarriersDrug LiberationIntravitreal InjectionsMaleParticle SizePositron Emission Tomography Computed TomographyRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyTissue DistributionAngiogenesis InhibitorsBevacizumabDrug CarriersPolylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid CopolymerBevacizumabBiodistributionControlled releaseNanoparticlesPharmacokineticsPLGA

Identifiers

PMID40471504
PMCPMC12957416

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.