ArticleFood science & nutrition2025
A Comparative Analysis on the Variation of β-Carotene, Vitamin C and E Levels in Hydroponic and Soil-Based Fruits and Vegetables in Kiambu County, Kenya.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Controlled environment agriculture as urban infrastructure: advancing a public agenda for spatial equity.Urban informatics · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antioxidants such as β-carotene, vitamin C, and E in fruits and vegetables (FAVs) have been associated with a reduction in non-communicable diseases because of their vital metabolic roles. However, their levels in foods could vary depending on the farming systems. Hence, this study examined the levels of β-carotene, vitamin C, and E in hydroponic and soil-grown spinach, tomatoes, and strawberries. A cross-sectional study with an analytical component was conducted to facilitate this comparison. Ten samples were collected from hydroponic farms and nine were from soil-based farms. The data was analyzed using SPSS (version 25). The level of vitamin C was significantly higher in hydroponically grown tomatoes (
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Registered trials
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