Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40486595›Full record

ReviewAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2025

Neutrophils as key regulators of tumor microenvironment in breast cancer: a focus on N1 and N2 polarization.

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Christian C Ezeala

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Emmanuel Ifeanyi ObeaguDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe.
Christian C EzealaDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cells in the human body, play a vital role in the immune response against infections and tissue injury. However, in the context of cancer, their function becomes more complex and context-dependent. In breast cancer, neutrophils are key players in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME), a highly dynamic ecosystem where various cell types, extracellular matrix components, and soluble factors interact to influence tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis. Neutrophils in the TME are not just passive participants but actively engage in altering tumor biology, either supporting or inhibiting tumor growth depending on their polarization status. Neutrophils exhibit plasticity in their phenotype and function, which can be categorized into two polarized forms: N1 and N2. N1 neutrophils are associated with antitumor responses, promoting immune activation, direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells, and facilitating the clearance of cancerous cells through the release of reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and chemokines. Conversely, N2 neutrophils contribute to tumor progression by fostering an immunosuppressive environment, promoting angiogenesis, enhancing tumor cell migration and invasion, and aiding in the establishment of metastatic niches. This dichotomy of neutrophil polarization plays a crucial role in determining breast cancer progression, metastasis, and response to treatment.

Indexed as

breast cancerN1 polarizationN2 polarizationneutrophilstumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID40486595
PMCPMC12140695

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.