Global, regional, and national burden of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency remains a significant global health burden, particularly in malaria-endemic regions. Despite advances in diagnostic capabilities and treatment strategies, the prevalence and associated disability burden continue to evolve. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the global, regional, and national burden of G6PD deficiency from 1990 to 2021, using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Methods: Data were retrieved from GBD 2021, covering 204 countries and territories. Prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) were analyzed. Age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were computed to assess trends over time. The relationship between socio-demographic index (SDI) and G6PD burden was examined using Spearman correlation analysis. Results: In 2021, global prevalence reached 443,326,869 cases, an 80.17% increase from 1990. The highest burden was observed in South Asia, accounting for 138,159,940 cases. The largest percentage increase in prevalence was in Andean Latin America (+291.96%). G6PD deficiency burden was negatively correlated with SDI, but high SDI regions exhibited higher prevalence than expected. Age- and sex-specific analysis revealed a higher burden in males, particularly in childhood and older age groups. Conclusion: This study underscores the growing burden of G6PD deficiency, with substantial regional disparities. The findings emphasize the need for improved screening programs, policy interventions, and resource allocation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Continued surveillance is essential to mitigate the long-term health consequences of this disorder.