Machine-Learning-Aided Advanced Electrochemical Biosensors.

Electrochemical biosensors offer numerous advantages, including high sensitivity, specificity, portability, ease of use, rapid response times, versatility, and multiplexing capability. Advanced materials and nanomaterials enhance electrochemical biosensors by improving sensitivity, response, and portability. Machine learning (ML) integration with electrochemical biosensors is also gaining traction, being particularly promising for addressing challenges such as electrode fouling, interference from non-target analytes, variability in testing conditions, and inconsistencies across samples. ML enhances data processing and analysis efficiency, generating actionable results with minimal information loss. Additionally, ML is well-suited for handling large, noisy datasets often generated in continuous monitoring applications. Beyond data analysis, ML can also help optimize biosensor design and function. While extensive research has expanded applications of advanced and nanomaterials-enhanced electrochemical biosensors and ML in their respective fields, fewer studies explore their combined potential in diagnostics; their synergy holds immense promise for advancing diagnostics and screening. This review highlights recent ML applications in advanced and nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensing, categorized into biocatalytic sensing, affinity-based sensing, bioreceptor-free sensing, electrochemiluminescence, high-throughput sensing, and continuous monitoring. Together, these developments underscore the transformative potential of ML-aided advanced/nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical biosensors in diagnostics and screening, paving new pathways in the field.