ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2025
Identification of pre-diabetes subphenotypes for type 2 diabetes, related vascular complications and mortality.
Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biochemical and Molecular Markers Among Prediabetic and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Stratification of Pro-Atherogenic Phenotypes in Prediabetes Using Machine Learning.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- HbA1c-Based Metabolic Stratification: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Biological Differences Across Normoglycemic, Prediabetic, and Diabetic Subjects.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Type 5 diabetes mellitus: nutritional-imprinted β-cell insufficiency, diagnostic gaps, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Precision prevention in type 2 diabetes.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
introductionPre-diabetes comprises diverse subphenotypes linked to varying complications, type 2 diabetes, and mortality outcomes. This study aimed to explore these outcomes across different pre-diabetes subphenotypes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThe dataset included adults without type 2 diabetes with baseline HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measurements from Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The participants were classified into six subphenotypes via the
resultsAmong the 4915 participants (mean age 60.1±10.1 years; 54.6% female), six clusters emerged: cluster 1, low risk (n=650; 13.2%); cluster 2, mild dysglycemia elderly (n=791; 16.1%); cluster 3, severe dysglycemia obese (n=1127; 22.9%); cluster 4, mild dysglycemia obese (n=963; 19.7%); cluster 5, severe dysmetabolic obese (n=337; 6.9%); and cluster 6, severe dysglycemia elderly (n=1042; 21.2%). Clusters were classified into diabetes risk subgroups: low risk (clusters 1 and 4) and high risk (clusters 3 and 5). Cluster 6 exhibited the highest risk, with significantly increased incidences of macrovascular complications (adjusted HR 2.22, 1.51-3.27) and type 2 diabetes (1.73, 1.42-2.12). In contrast, cluster 4 demonstrated the lowest risk, with significantly decreased incidences of new chronic kidney disease (0.65, 0.44-0.96), microvascular complications (0.62, 0.43-0.89) and mortality (0.25, 0.10-0.63).
conclusionsOur pre-diabetes phenotyping approach effectively provides valuable insights into the risk of type 2 diabetes, vascular complications and mortality in individuals with pre-diabetes. Those with high-risk phenotypes should be prioritized for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular interventions to mitigate risks.
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