Observational studyFrontiers in public health2025
COVID-19 mortality associated with multidimensional poverty, ethnicities, and armed conflict in Colombia: retrospective observational study based on national records.
Observational study in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Clinical risk modeling and epidemiological surveillance of SARI in Cali, Colombia.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia exposed the interplay between multidimensional poverty, ethnic diversity, and armed conflict. This crisis worsened inequalities, disproportionately affecting Afro-Colombian and Indigenous communities already living in adverse conditions. Armed conflict further weakened social capital, limiting wellbeing in impoverished and violent regions. This study aimed to investigate the associations of poverty, ethnicity, and conflict zones with COVID-19 mortality. Methods: A retrospective observational study based on national records was conducted in Colombia from March 2020 to December 2022, in which COVID-19 cases confirmed by PCR or antigen tests were analyzed. Demographic, ethnic, and mortality data were obtained from the National Institute of Health, while poverty data were obtained from the DANE's 2018 census. Descriptive analyses, chi-square tests, and bivariate analyses were performed. A multilevel logistic regression model identified risk factors, reporting odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Between March 2020 and December 2022, 6,313,872 COVID-19 cases were recorded in Colombia. Afro-Colombians 2.58% and Indigenous peoples (2.75%) had higher mortality than White/Mestizo individuals did (2.24%). ZOMAC municipalities reported a mortality rate of 3.61%, and PDET municipalities reported a mortality rate of 3.20%. Multilevel analysis revealed increased mortality risks for Afro-Colombians (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.11-1.18), Indigenous peoples (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17-1.28), and residents of ZOMAC (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.66-1.72) and PDET municipalities (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.44-1.49). Conclusions: This study highlights disparities in COVID-19 mortality influenced by ethnic, socioeconomic, and territorial factors, with a greater burden on Afro-Colombians, Indigenous peoples, and conflict zones. Public health policies must address these structural inequalities.
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