Evidence mapPaperPMID 40497353Full record

ReviewDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025

Current treatment guidelines and glycated haemoglobin goals for type 2 diabetes: Which patients are most likely to benefit from fixed-ratio basal insulin glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist combinations?

Kevin Cowart, Nicholas W Carris

Abstract readReviewVideo-Audio Media
In one paragraph

Review in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Kevin CowartUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6880-1600
Nicholas W CarrisUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8904-5034

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are available in two fixed-ratio combinations (FRCs) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin degludec with liraglutide and insulin glargine with lixisenatide. FRCs offer a convenient strategy to administer basal insulin and a GLP-1 RA, taking advantage of complementary mechanisms in a single injection to minimize treatment burden and improve glycemic control while mitigating weight gain. For most, a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) goal for patients with T2D using a FRC would be <7%, though it can be adjusted based on patient-specific factors. An HbA1c goal of <6.5% is less likely to be appropriate for patients requiring basal insulin, which is included in the FRCs. Ideal candidates for FRCs are those (1) taking oral antihyperglycemic medications only with an HbA1c <10% and <2% away from goal, (2) those on basal insulin and above HbA1c goal, (3) those unwilling or unable to initiate or manage multiple daily injections (i.e., basal-bolus insulin therapy) and (4) those tolerating a GLP-1 RA who require basal insulin to achieve glycemic goals.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsBlood GlucoseDrug CombinationsDrug Therapy, CombinationGlucagon-Like Peptide-2 ReceptorGlycemic ControlHumansInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-ActingLiraglutidePeptidesPractice Guidelines as TopicBlood GlucoseDrug CombinationsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlucagon-Like Peptide-2 ReceptorGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanHypoglycemic Agentsinsulin degludecInsulin GlargineInsulin, Long-ActingLiraglutidelixisenatidePeptidesbasal insulinGLP‐1 analogueglycaemic controltype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40497353
PMCPMC12308271

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.