ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025
Longitudinal associations between vegetarian dietary habits and site-specific cancers in the Adventist Health Study-2 North American cohort.
Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vegetarian and vegan diets and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Standard Therapy Plus Adjunctive Vegan Lifestyle Intervention in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Case Report.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Adherence to pro-vegetarian dietary patterns and gastric cancer risk: a pooled analysis of the StoP Consortium.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2026Article
- Small-Scale School-Based Cancer Education to Improve Awareness and Risk Reduction Knowledge Among Adolescents: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Vegetarian diets and cancer risk: pooled analysis of 1.8 million women and men in nine prospective studies on three continents.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundAssociations between vegetarian diets and risk of common cancers are somewhat understood, but such data on medium-frequency cancers are scarce and often imprecise.
objectivesThe objectives of this study was to describe multivariable-adjusted associations between different types of vegetarian diets (compared with nonvegetarians) and risk of cancers at different bodily sites.
methodsThe Adventist Health Study is a cohort of 95,863 North American Seventh-day Adventists established between 2002 and 2007. These analyses used 79,468 participants initially free of cancer. Baseline dietary data were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire and incident cancers by matching with state and Canadian provincial cancer registries. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using proportional hazard regression. Small amounts of missing data were filled using multiple imputations.
resultsOverall cancers, all vegetarians combined compared with nonvegetarians, had HR: 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83,0.93; P < 0.001, and for medium frequency cancers, HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.89; P < 0.001. Of specific cancers, colorectal (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.95; P = 0.011), stomach (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.93; P = 0.025), and lymphoproliferative (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60,0.93; P = 0.010) cancers, were significantly less frequent among vegetarians. A joint test that HR = 1.0 for all vegetarian subtypes compared with nonvegetarians was rejected for cancers of the breast (P = 0.012), lymphoma (P = 0.031), all lymphoproliferative cancers (P = 0.004), prostate cancer (P = 0.030), colorectal cancers (P = 0.023), medium frequency cancers (P < 0.001), and for all cancers combined (P < 0.001).
conclusionsThese data indicate a lower risk in vegetarians for all cancers combined, as well as for medium-frequency cancers as a group. Specific cancers with evidence of lower risk are breast, colorectal, prostate, stomach, and lymphoproliferative subtypes. Risk at some other sites may also differ in vegetarians, but statistical power was limited.
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