Multidimensionality of hallucination-like experiences: A factor structure refinement of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale.

H Honcamp, L K Goller, M Amorim, S X Duggirala, J F Johnson, M Schwartze, A P Pinheiro, S A Kotz

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Article in Schizophrenia research. Cognition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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8 authors.

H HoncampDepartment of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

L K GollerDepartment of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

M AmorimCentro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

S X DuggiralaDepartment of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

J F JohnsonUniversité Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.

M SchwartzeDepartment of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

A P PinheiroCentro de Investigação em Ciência Psicológica, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

S A KotzDepartment of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Previous research on the multidimensionality of hallucination-like experiences (HLEs) across the psychosis continuum highlights methodological disparities, emphasizing the need for a cautious interpretation of findings and transparent reporting of parameters used in the analysis. Methods: This study aimed to refine the factorial structure of the 16-item Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS), enhance methodological clarity, and improve the robustness of LSHS factor solutions. To this end, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed on a heterogeneous sample ( Results: The results revealed a four-factor structure including "Multisensory HLEs", "Auditory daydreaming", "Vivid thoughts and inner speech", and "Personified HLEs". Our investigation introduces a new factor specific to the perceived presence of another person or another voice. This aligns with theories on self-monitoring difficulties associated with an external attribution bias as hallucination proneness (HP) increases across the continuum. Conclusion: The current results provide an opportunity for investigating neurophysiological and neurobehavioral correlates of HP considering highly differentiated individual profiles of HLEs. Future studies should focus on validating the robustness of the four-factor structure derived from this research across diverse samples of the general population (e.g., different age groups and cultural backgrounds). Specified composite scores underlying HLEs could be of additive value when assessing emerging clinical risk on the psychosis continuum.

Indexed as

Exploratory factor analysisExternalization biasHallucination pronenessLaunay-Slade Hallucination ScalePsychosis continuumRisk assessment

Identifiers

PMID40502544

DOI10.1016/j.scog.2025.100368

PMCPMC12152376

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