ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
Gestational Glucose Intolerance and Risk of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveAn association between in utero exposure to gestational glucose intolerance (GGI; abnormal glucose screening without gestational diabetes) and offspring obesity has not been consistently observed.
methodsIn a retrospective cohort, we studied the risk of obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile], in 2- to 5, 6- to 10-, and 11- to 18-year-olds exposed to varying degrees of maternal glycemia in utero: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), GGI [0 abnormal glucose values or 1 abnormal value (GGI-1)] or gestational diabetes (GDM; ≥2 of 4 abnormal values). We used generalized estimating equations for logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for obesity in each glycemic category compared to NGT, adjusting for maternal age, parity, insurance, race/ethnicity, marital status, infant sex, gestational age, and gestational weight gain. A second model additionally adjusted for maternal first-trimester BMI.
resultsWe included 27 876 children and adolescents from 23 334 (83.7%) NGT pregnancies, 3413 (12.2%) GGI pregnancies, and 1129 (4.1%) GDM pregnancies. The prevalence of obesity was 13.5% at age 2 to 5, 20.3% at age 6 to 10, and 23.4% at age 11 to 18. Those exposed to GGI-1 and GDM had increased odds of obesity compared to NGT. Adjusting for maternal BMI attenuated this association in all age and glycemic exposure groups, but it remained significantly elevated in 6- to 10-year-olds exposed to GDM [odds ratio (OR): 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.46] and 11- to 18-year-olds exposed to GGI-1 and GDM (GGI-1 OR: 1.44 (95% CI 1.14, 1.81); GDM OR: 1.28 (95% CI 1.03, 1.59)].
conclusionOlder children and adolescents exposed to GGI-1 and GDM in utero have a higher risk of obesity than those born to NGT pregnancies, even after accounting for maternal BMI.
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