Evidence mapPaperPMID 40522197Full record

ReviewSmall methods2026

Nanomedicine for Oral Delivery: Strategies to Overcome the Biological Barriers.

Luke J Kubiatowicz, Nima Pourafzal, Audrey T Zhu, Zhongyuan Guo, Ronnie H Fang, Liangfang Zhang

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Small methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Luke J KubiatowiczAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Nima PourafzalAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Audrey T ZhuAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Zhongyuan GuoAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Ronnie H FangDivision of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Liangfang ZhangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-0654

Funding

Defense Threat Reduction Agency HDTRA1-21-1-0010
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Oral drug delivery is highly desirable for medical intervention due to its convenience, patient adherence, and non-invasiveness. Despite significant efforts, the successful oral delivery of therapeutics and prophylactics has been largely hindered by biological barriers that limit bioavailability. Researchers have since turned to nanoparticles as promising delivery vehicles that offer tunable properties to protect therapeutic payloads and enhance transport across these barriers. In addition to material optimization and delivery strategies, biomimetic designs-particularly those inspired by viruses-have significantly advanced the field, leveraging natural mechanisms to penetrate mucosal layers through size, charge, and enzymatic functions. This review examines the key physiological challenges limiting oral drug absorption, including the harsh gastric environment, the mucosal layer, and the polarized epithelial barrier. Recent preclinical advancements are then highlighted in nanoparticle engineering aimed at overcoming these barriers and improving bioavailability. Continued innovation in oral nanomedicine holds immense potential to revolutionize treatment paradigms, enhancing both therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes worldwide.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsNanomedicineAdministration, OralAnimalsBiological AvailabilityHumansNanoparticlesgastrointestinal tractmucus penetrationnanomedicinenanoparticleoral drug delivery

Identifiers

PMID40522197
PMCPMC12825354

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.