SynthesisBMJ leader2025
Leadership training in healthcare: a systematic umbrella review.
Synthesis in BMJ leader, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The practical impact of postgraduate leadership education on Registered Nurses' practice: a narrative inquiry.Journal of research in nursing : JRN · 2026Article
- Ready to Lead: An Innovative Microcredentials Leadership Program for Frontline Healthcare Workers in Continuing Care.Healthcare management forum · 2026Article
- Leading with Impact: Transformational Leadership Among Women Surgeons - A Qualitative Study.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Article
- Helping to improve demand for mental health services: Reach and adoption of a community mental health education and detection tool by community health workers within routine care in South Africa.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- The Leadership Perception Gap in Spanish Anesthesiology Departments: A National Cross-Sectional Survey Comparing Department Heads and Staff Views.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Article
- Developing Compassionate Leadership in the UK in Healthcare Contexts: A Narrative Review of Leadership Programmes and Outcomes.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Review
- Leadership education to support person-centred health and social care: A scoping review of empirical literature.PloS one · 2026Article
- Addressing Conceptual Gaps in Physician Leadership Development: A Critical Perspective.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Article
- Reframing the Kirkpatrick model for evaluating humanistic care training in nursing: a context-sensitive integrative perspective.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- [Culture as a success factor: why organizational and team culture in high-risk areas of medicine deserve more attention].Die Anaesthesiologie · 2025Review
- Article
- Scholars in Action: A Decade of Voices, Journeys, and Impact.Nursing administration quarterlyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The importance of effective clinical leadership has been reflected in an increase in leadership development programmes. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the optimal structure, content and evaluation of such programmes. This review synthesised evidence from reviews of leadership development interventions for healthcare professionals published prior to October 2024, including content, methods, evaluation strategies and impact. Title, abstract and full-text screening were conducted in duplicate by two reviewers. Data extraction was piloted by two reviewers and conducted by a single reviewer. Quality appraisal was conducted using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool by a single reviewer, with generative artificial intelligence serving as the second reviewer. 86 systematic and non-systematic reviews met inclusion criteria. Regarding educational methods, leadership training effectiveness was associated with experiential learning, mixed-methods approaches, coaching or mentoring, longitudinal designs, goal-setting, and 360-degree feedback. Group learning and interprofessional education were noted for fostering teamwork. Programmes tailored to participants' needs and organisational contexts showed better outcomes. Content reported to be effective included interpersonal skills, self-awareness, emotional intelligence, leadership theory, communication and teamwork. Evaluations primarily relied on self-reported measures. Training outcomes were largely positive at the individual level, with participants reporting increased confidence and competence. Organisational and clinical outcomes were less frequently assessed. The long-term impact on patient outcomes and return on investment remains uncertain. Leadership development programmes were found to enhance individual competencies. However, evidence supporting long-term, system-wide impact remains limited due to reliance on self-reported evaluations and a lack of standardised evaluation approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.