Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40528346›Full record

ArticlePlant communications2025

Natural peptidoglycan nanoparticles enable rapid antigen purification and potent delivery of plant-derived vaccines.

Shi-Jian Song, Hai-Ping Diao, Sen-Sen Zhang, Sumin Kang, Chang Liu, Seonghan Kim, Jieun Yun, Hui-Xin Meng, Hongju Moon, Woe-Yeon Kim and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Plant communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Shi-Jian SongQingdao Municipal Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pharming, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China; Beijing Life Science Academy (BLSA), Beijing, China. Electronic address: songshijian@caas.cn.
Hai-Ping DiaoQingdao Municipal Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pharming, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.
Sen-Sen ZhangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Sumin KangDepartment of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
Chang LiuBeijing Life Science Academy (BLSA), Beijing, China.
Seonghan KimDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
Jieun YunDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
Hui-Xin MengQingdao Municipal Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pharming, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.
Hongju MoonDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Woe-Yeon KimDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea.
Ki Hean KimDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
Mao-Jun YangMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Kwang Soon KimDepartment of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
Yong-Feng GuoQingdao Municipal Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pharming, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China.
Inhwan HwangDepartment of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ihhwang@postech.ac.kr.

Funding

Non-US Government Research Support type
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Plant molecular farming is a promising platform for biopharmaceutical production, however, downstream processing remains a challenge due to cost and complexity. In this study, we present natural peptidoglycan nanoparticles (NPNs) derived from Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria as a novel tool for plant-based vaccine purification and delivery. Sequential treatment with trichloroacetic acid and trypsin effectively reduced NPN size, removing residual host subcellular constructs and proteins while preserving protein-binding capacity. Optimizing trimeric protein anchors and trimerization elements for plant-based expression enabled protein binding at low temperatures, minimizing proteolytic degradation. NPNs conjugated with plant-derived hemagglutinin elicited strong humoral immune responses in mice. Additionally, NPNs enhanced the retention of GFP at the injection site and supported efficient polyclonal antibody generation. These findings establish NPNs as a versatile platform for plant-based recombinant vaccine purification and delivery.

Indexed as

AntigensNanoparticlesPeptidoglycanAnimalsFemaleMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMolecular FarmingAntigensPeptidoglycanadjuvantbacterium-like particleNicotiana benthamianapepplant molecular pharmingprotein purificationtidoglycanvaccine

Identifiers

PMID40528346
PMCPMC12365807

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.