ArticleBiomolecules & biomedicine2025
Global, regional, and national trends in thyroid cancer burden (1990-2021): Insights from the GBD 2021 study.
Article in Biomolecules & biomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Is radioiodine necessary for patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy: a pooled analysis of ESTIMABL2 and IoN trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Nomogram for predicting papillary thyroid carcinoma risk combined with clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic indicators.BMC cancer · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has been steadily increasing and is now recognized as one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with TC from 1990 to 2021. Data for this study were sourced from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). To quantify temporal patterns and assess trends in age-standardized TC metrics-namely, age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and DALYs-estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated. The analysis was stratified by sex, 20 age groups, 21 GBD regions, 204 countries/territories, and five Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles. Statistical analyses and plotting were conducted using R statistical software version 4.4.2 and Joinpoint software. The study found that the global burden of thyroid cancer remains substantial, with a significant increase in the total number of cases. In 2021, regions with high SDI reported the highest ASPR, showing an upward trend compared to 1990; however, this trend began to decline significantly after 2009. Conversely, regions with low and low-middle SDI exhibited noticeable increases in ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and DALYs. The highest prevalence and incidence were observed in the 55-59 age group, followed by a gradual decline. The majority of affected individuals were women. A high body mass index (BMI) was identified as the primary risk factor for TC, and both prevalence and incidence are expected to continue rising through 2040.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.