ReviewJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2025
Research Review: Are sampling biases masking long-term effects of hormonal contraceptive use in adolescence on risk for depression?
Review in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adolescent Hormonal Contraceptive Use in the Context of Brain Development and Depression Risk: A Review and Considerations for Future Research.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Hormonal contraception and mental health: a narrative review of screening, monitoring, and patient-centered care for family physicians.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGrowing evidence suggests that the use of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) during adolescence may be linked to an increased risk for depression. This review examines major inconsistencies that have been reported regarding this relationship, and in particular, how the common practice of combining 'never users' and 'former users' of HCs in analyses obscures patterns that are detectable when these groups are analyzed separately.
methodsA review was conducted of research examining the relationship between HC use and depression to determine what data-analytic choices were commonly made by individual researchers. Specifically, we assessed whether the past history of HC use had been accounted for in each reported analysis.
resultsThe majority of papers published between 2013 and 2022 did not account for the former use of HCs. These papers reported mixed findings regarding the relationship between HC use and depression. In contrast, the subset of papers that did account for former use of HCs, or otherwise explicitly addressed common biases affecting the interpretation of observational data, revealed a more consistent relationship between HC use and depression, particularly for those who began using HCs during adolescence.
conclusionWe conclude that there is consistent evidence of a relationship between adolescent HC use and long-term risk for depression and offer several recommendations to help ensure that future work in this area will yield consistent, interpretable findings. Although this paper focuses primarily on HCs and depression, many of the analytical approaches and recommendations outlined within it are also relevant to research on the side effects of other drugs and medications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.