Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40538002›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025

Down syndrome in Africa: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions.

Eimear McGlinchey, Salina Tewolde, Amanda He, Juan Fortea, Lingani Mbakile-Mahlanza, Ayda Tefera, Emmanuel Epenge, Jason Hassenstab, Alexander Jäck, Kirti Ranchod and 15 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Down syndrome in Africa: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Eimear McGlincheyGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-8548-220X
Salina TewoldeDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Amanda HeSchool of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Juan ForteaSant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Carrer de Sant Quintí, Barcelona, Spain.
Lingani Mbakile-MahlanzaGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Ayda TeferaGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Emmanuel EpengeGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Jason HassenstabDepartments of Neurology and of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Alexander JäckDepartment of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
Kirti RanchodGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Shaimaa El-JaafaryGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Johannes LevinDepartment of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
Mohamed SalamaGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Eric RubensteinDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Rufus AkinyemiGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Tolulope AkinyemiDepartment of Molecular Biology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Temitope FarombiGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Brian LawlorGlobal Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Jean IkangaDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Nicholas J AshtonDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Sarah StoutDepartments of Neurology and of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Joyce Balls-BerryDepartments of Neurology and of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Atholl Valdon KleinhansDepartment of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa.
Rachel MainaBrain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Zul MeraliBrain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.

Funding

DS-ARC: A Remote Digital Cognitive Assessment for Down Syndrome-Associated Alzheimer's DiseaseR01AG081394 · NIA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Jason J Hassenstab · 2023 to 2026
$6.0M
Biological Correlates of Alzheimer in Down Syndrome.R21AG056974 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF DENVER (COLORADO SEMINARY) · PI GRANHOLM-BENTLEY, ANN-CHARLOTTE ESTHER · 2017 to 2018
$414k
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) Program 1Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya SLT006/17/00119Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno IIBSP-DOW-2020-151Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020Instituto de Salud Carlos III INT21/00073Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI20/01473Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI23/01786NIA NIH HHS R01 AG081394NIH HHS 1R01AG056850-01A1NIH HHS 1R01AG081394-01NIH HHS 1R61AG066543-01NIH HHS R01AG061566NIH HHS R21AG056974Qatar FoundationThe welfare of older persons in Egypt: People's voice and responsive policy implications
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAs life expectancy improves for people with Down syndrome (DS) in Africa, the risk of developing DS-associated Alzheimer's disease (DSAD) will rise. There is a pressing need to plan for this emerging challenge, particularly in the context of existing health and social disparities.

methodsThis work emerged from a pan-African collaboration, including discussions at the Brain Ageing and Dementia in Low- and Middle-Income Countries conference held in Nairobi in 2024, where stakeholders identified regional priorities for DS and dementia care.

resultsLimited epidemiological, cognitive, biomarker data, delayed diagnoses, and gaps in specialized services may impact access to care. However, innovative solutions, such as mobile biomarker sampling and culturally adapted cognitive assessments, offer promising strategies. DISCUSSION: Integrating global advances in DSAD research with Africa's strengths in community-based care offers opportunities. By prioritizing research, capacity building, and health system integration, this work advocates for the inclusion of DS in Africa's dementia strategies. HIGHLIGHTS: Projected increases in life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in Africa will lead to a substantial rise in DS-associated Alzheimer's disease (DSAD), necessitating urgent planning and response. There is a critical lack of epidemiological, cognitive, and biomarker data on adults with DS in Africa, hindering accurate diagnosis, care planning, and inclusion in global research. Innovative, scalable solutions-such as mobile biomarker sampling and culturally adapted cognitive assessments-offer an opportunity to integrate scientific advances with Africa's strengths in community-based care. Investment in research and capacity building is essential to address current gaps, reduce disparities, and ensure equitable access to emerging diagnostics and treatments for DSAD across the continent.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseDown SyndromeAfricaBiomarkersHealth Services AccessibilityHumansLife ExpectancyBiomarkersAfricaAlzheimer's diseaseDown syndromeequityGlobal South

Identifiers

PMID40538002
PMCPMC12179337

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.