ReviewEvolutionary anthropology2025
The Placental Steroid Hypothesis of Human Brain Evolution.
Review in Evolutionary anthropology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
The evolution of the human brain has long been framed in terms of sexual selection, with an emphasis on consistent but small on-average volumetric differences between males and females. In this review, we present new molecular, genetic and clinical findings regarding neurodevelopment, cortical expansion and the production of sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and oestradiol, by the placenta during pregnancy. We discuss converging evidence that on-average sex differences are relevant for human evolution but are characterised by significant overlap between the sexes and more adaptations in female, rather than male, physiology. We also consider recent accounts and modelling of evolutionary pressures in large social groups, regarding competition and fertility. Finally, we bring these findings together and present a novel hypothesis for understanding human brain development and evolution, which emphasises the role of sex steroid hormones, their prenatal production by the placenta and their roles in regulating physiology, fertility and cognition.
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