ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Alteration of Tear Metabolomics Profiling in Infants With Retinopathy of Prematurity.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of metabolomic profile in the tears from infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and further define noninvasive biomarkers. Methods: This prospective study included 94 eyes from 47 premature infants. Tear samples from 23 infants with ROP (15 treatment-requiring ones [ROP (t)] and 8 non-treatment-requiring ones [ROP (nt)]) and 24 infants without ROP were collected with Schirmer strips after topical anesthesia. Detailed fundus examination upon pupil dilation were conducted, with data on demographics and birth history recorded. Untargeted tear metabolomic analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed. Results: Adjusted by sex, postmenstrual age, gestational age, and birth weight, among 145 metabolites quantified, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, caffeine, and trehalose were identified to be upregulated in the tears from infants with ROP when compared to those from premature infants with non-ROP, whereas uric acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, nootkatone, pyridoxal, ornithine, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, adenosine, and tetrahydrocortisol were downregulated (all adjusted false discovery rate [FDR adj] < 0.05). Nine and one dysregulated metabolites were further found in the ROP (t) and ROP (nt) subgroups, respectively. Some of these metabolites exhibited expression levels correlated with postmenstrual age, gestational age, birth weight, and ROP severity in varying degrees. The dysregulated tear metabolites were fundamentally related to vitamin B6, purine, caffeine, arginine, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha obtained the best performance in classifying premature infants with and without ROP (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.893 [range = 0.800-0.986], P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dysregulated tear metabolites in ROP exhibited abundance correlated with severity of the disease and might be noninvasive biomarkers that potentially serve as complementary screening tools.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.