Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40549164›Full record

ReviewArchives of microbiology2025

Understanding the pandemic potential of the avian influenza Virus- key insights into pathogenesis, transmission, and host immunity.

Muzamil A Rather, Irfan Gul, Muttahir Aman, Amreena Hassan, Salik Nazki, Parvaiz A Koul, Varsha Potdar, Nazir A Ganai, Azmat Alam Khan, Naveed A Chikan and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Archives of microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Muzamil A RatherLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Irfan GulLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Muttahir AmanLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Amreena HassanLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Salik NazkiLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Parvaiz A KoulInternal and Pulmonary Medicine Department, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
Varsha PotdarScientist E & Head, National Influenza Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India.
Nazir A GanaiLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Azmat Alam KhanLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Naveed A ChikanDivision of Computational Biology, Daskdan Innovations, PVT Ltd. Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
Mohamed Faizal Abdul-CareemHealth Research Innovation Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2 N 4 N1, Canada.
Nadeem ShabirLaboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India. nadeem.shabir@skuastkashmir.ac.in.

Funding

Indian Council of Medical Research IIRP-2023-7874
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect domestic and wild birds, and recent trends have shown an alarming transmission to non-avian hosts, including humans. The AIV infection is associated with fowl deaths and huge economic losses, besides having high pandemic potential, as per the reports of the WHO. The emergence of new virus subtypes, especially H5N1, driven by rapid mutation rates and genomic reassortments, has been linked to frequent transmission and adaptation to mammalian hosts, posing a significant global threat. The same is reflected by the global increase in AIV infection among humans, with 954 cases reported from January 2001 to December 2024 and a 49% case fatality rate. Likewise, the spillover of the virus into farm cattle and subsequent transmission to other animals from them could potentially lead to wider ecological and public health risks. Therefore, a clear understanding of disease transmission and multi-species invasion is crucial for predicting potential outbreaks, identifying susceptible hosts, and developing targeted interventions. The current review provides a detailed insight into AIV invasion, its infectious cycle, and transmission, with a prime focus on host immune responses as well as immune evasion. The review also highlights the adaptability of AIVs to humans, attributed to shifts in receptor specificity and mutations in viral proteins, which could contribute to the potential for a pandemic. Thus, the review aims to improve our understanding of AIV transmission and immune evasion by examining the complex mechanisms through which the virus spreads and how it circumvents the host defense system. The review underscores the development of a robust surveillance system, mainly in high-risk interfaces, owing to its cross-species transmission potential. Additionally, unraveling host-pathogen interactions and identifying genetic and immunological factors, strengthening global data-sharing platforms, and developing multivalent or universal vaccines will be important in designing future AIV control and preparedness strategies.

Indexed as

Influenza A virusInfluenza, HumanInfluenza in BirdsPandemicsAnimalsBirdsHumansImmune EvasionInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeAvian influenza virusHost immune responseImmune evasionInfectious cycleInterspecies transmissionZoonosis

Identifiers

PMID40549164

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.