Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40558545›Full record

ReviewCells2025

Cellular and Molecular Interactions in CNS Injury: The Role of Immune Cells and Inflammatory Responses in Damage and Repair.

Jai Chand Patel, Meenakshi Shukla, Manish Shukla

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Cells, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Jai Chand PatelDepartment of Genetics Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9118-6899
Meenakshi ShuklaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
Manish ShuklaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7957-2815

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The central nervous system (CNS) is highly susceptible to damage due to its limited ability to regenerate. Injuries to the CNS, whether from trauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative diseases, disrupt both cellular and vascular structures, leading to immediate (primary) and subsequent (secondary) damage. Primary damage involves the physical disruption of cells and blood vessels, weakening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and triggering excitotoxicity and calcium overload. Secondary damage develops over hours to days and is marked by ionic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation, which further aggravates tissue damage. Inflammation plays a dual role: acute inflammation helps in repair, while chronic inflammation accelerates neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes play key roles in this inflammatory response, with M1-like microglia promoting pro-inflammatory responses and M2-like microglia supporting anti-inflammatory and repair processes. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins such as Tau, amyloid-beta, TDP-43, and α-synuclein, which impair cellular function and lead to neuronal loss. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins and influenced by genetic risk factors (e.g.,

Indexed as

Central Nervous SystemInflammationAnimalsHumansMicrogliaNeurodegenerative DiseasesCNS injuryexcitotoxicityinflammationmicroglianeurodegenerative diseasesneurogenesis

Identifiers

PMID40558545
PMCPMC12190931

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.