ReviewDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.
Review in Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Monkeypox virus replication and host response in vaginal and ectocervical epithelial cells.Virulence · 2026Article
- Sex- and menopause-related differences in immune and gastrointestinal symptom architecture in ME/CFS: evidence from factor analysis and structural equation modeling.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in New Caledonia: 20-year trends from laboratory-based surveillance (2005-2024).The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Emerging Viral Zoonoses: Epidemiology, Vaccination Strategies, and Implications for Global Public Health.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of pathogen-attributable infectious diseases in children by age and sex, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis.Infection · 2026Article
- Article
- Detection of hypervirulence genes in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from cancer patients at a tertiary referral hospital in Nepal.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immunosenescence in Human Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Article
- Molecular Insights into Widespread Pseudouridine RNA Modifications: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Biology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in vaccine-induced immunity in mice immunized with integrase-defective lentiviral vector delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Sex dictates IL-17A regulation: Inflammatory determinants in males versus a potassium-linked metabolic axis in females.PloS one · 2026Article
- X chromosome-encoded microRNAs in immune regulation: sex differences and clinical implications.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Review
- Article
- Forecasting Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics in the Age of AI and Machine Learning.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- The effect of combining HIV latency reversal with inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinases or B-cell lymphoma-2 on the HIV reservoir.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of acute glomerulonephritis in children and adolescents: 1990-2021 analysis and future projections.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, gender medicine has emerged as a field of research analyzing sex-related differences in health and disease. Biological sex, depending on sex chromosome complement, sex steroid hormones, and reproductive organs, has been demonstrated to influence human susceptibility to infections, immune responses against pathogens, the clinical severity of infectious diseases, and responses to the available treatments. Men and women differ in their chromosome set, with men having one X chromosome (XY) and women two (XX). This different genetic composition results in a sex-dimorphic expression of genes and pathways involved in immune regulation, as well as in shaping immune responses to infectious agents. Moreover, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, impacting cells and pathways involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, have been shown to drive sex dimorphism in infectious diseases. This narrative review aims to explore the sex-related differences in responses to infections, specifically focusing on the underlying genetic and hormonal mechanisms. Hence, aging-related changes in the immune system and their potential impact on immune responses against pathogens will be discussed. Understanding sex differences and stratifying the population according to them will open the door to precision medicine and personalized patient care.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.