ArticleJAMA network open2025
Estimated 2023-2024 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Adults.
Article in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vaccine effectiveness across the Omicron evolutionary spectrum (BA.2, BA.5, XBB, JN.1, KP.3): a systematic review of studies published 2022-2025.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Indirect protection and long-term effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: a stepped-wedge randomised trial in Serrana, Brazil.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Comparative Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 Versus Protein-Based NVX-CoV2705 Vaccination on COVID-19-Related Outcomes Among Insured Adults in the United States During 2024-2025: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study of the immunological response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Instituto Português de Oncologia of Coimbra professionals.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Interim Estimated Effectiveness of 2025-2026 COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Using a Test-Negative Design.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Integrating Genomic Data into Test-negative Designs for Estimating Lineage-specific COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Cancer and COVID-19: A review of immune insights and partnerships to inform public health strategy.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026Review
- Six-Year Trends in Real-World Data Use for Post-Marketing Surveillance of New Medical Products in Japan.Clinical and translational science · 2026Review
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a prospective outlook from technological innovation to clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Nationwide estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates and numbers needed to vaccinate for COVID-19 vaccines in 2024 in Austria.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of the 2024-2025 KP.2 COVID-19 vaccines in the United States during long-term follow-up.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A New Breath: Dynamics of Respiratory Infections After the Lifting of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Related to COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and Impact of Autumn 2023 COVID-19 Vaccination in Preventing Hospitalizations in Navarre, Spain, October 2023 to September 2024.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Decoding the cross-immune pressure: Dengue's role in SARS-CoV-2 evolution.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
39 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, population immunity changes, and COVID-19 vaccine formulas have been updated, necessitating ongoing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) monitoring. Objectives: To evaluate the VE of 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated emergency department (ED) and urgent care (UC) encounters, hospitalizations, and critical illness, including during XBB- and JN.1-predominant periods. Design, Setting, and Participants: This test-negative design VE case-control study was conducted using data from September 21, 2023, to August 22, 2024, from EDs, UC centers, and hospitals in 6 US health care systems. Eligible adults 18 years or older with COVID-19-like illness and molecular or antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 were studied. Case patients were those with a positive molecular or antigen test result; control patients were those with a negative molecular test result. Exposure: Receipt of 2023-2024 (monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 vaccination with products approved or authorized for use in the US. Main Outcomes and Measures: Main outcomes were COVID-19-associated ED and UC encounters, hospitalizations, and critical illness (admission to the intensive care unit or in-hospital death). VE was estimated comparing the odds of receipt of the 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine with no receipt among case and control patients. Results: Among 345 639 eligible ED and UC encounters in immunocompetent adults 18 years or older with COVID-19-like illness and available test results (median [IQR] age, 53 [34-71] years; 209 087 [60%] female), 37 096 (11%) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. VE against COVID-19-associated ED and UC encounters was 24% (95% CI, 21%-26%) during 7 to 299 days after vaccination. Among 111 931 eligible hospitalizations in immunocompetent adults 18 years or older with COVID-19-like illness and available test results (median [IQR] age, 71 [58-81] years), 10 380 (9%) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. During 7 to 299 days after vaccination, VE was 29% (95% CI, 25%-33%) against COVID-19-associated hospitalization and 48% (95% CI, 40%-55%) against COVID-19-associated critical illness. VE was highest 7 to 59 days after vaccination (VE against ED and UC encounters 49%; 95% CI, 46%-52%; hospitalization, 51%; 95% CI, 46%-56%; critical illness, 68%; 95% CI, 56%-76%) and then waned (VE 180-299 days after vaccination against ED and UC encounters, -7% [95% CI, -13% to -2%]; hospitalization, -4% [95% CI, -14% to 5%]; and critical illness, 16% [95% CI, -6 to 34%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this case-control study of VE, 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccines were estimated to provide additional effectiveness against medically attended COVID-19, with the highest and most sustained estimates against critical illness. These results highlight the importance of receiving recommended COVID-19 vaccination for adults 18 years or older.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.