ArticleInternational dental journal2025
Involvement of the Programmed Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Pathway in the Immune Microenvironment of Chronic Periapical Lesions.
Article in International dental journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Periodontitis With or Without Systemic Diseases: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Hypoxia Exacerbates Periapical Periodontitis-Associated Pathological Bone Loss via the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Axis.Cell proliferation · 2026Article
- RETN and BMP2 as potential biomarkers for prognosis and immune landscape in lung squamous cell carcinoma: from bioinformatics to clinical validation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND
aimsThis study aimed to determine the pathogenic role and clinicopathological significance of the immune microenvironment including the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway in chronic periapical lesions.
methodsA total of 20 chronic periapical lesions consisting of 10 periapical granulomas and 10 periapical cysts were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed for immune cell populations, including PD-L1, PD-1, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, and CD20. Immune cell populations were quantitatively evaluated on digitized slides. The associations between each immune cell population and clinicopathological factors and between immune cell populations were statistically analysed.
resultsLesion size was positively associated with the density of PD-L1+ macrophages (P < .001, Fisher exact test; r = 0.455, P = .044, Pearson correlation analysis) and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (P = .020, Fisher exact test; r = 0.471, P = .036, Pearson correlation analysis). No associations were found between immune cell populations and other clinicopathological factors, including age, sex, lesion location, and diagnosis. A moderate positive correlation was observed between the density of PD-L1+ macrophages and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (r = 0.537, P = .015). The density of PD-1+ cells showed a strong positive correlation with the density of CD4+ helper T cells (r = 0.719, P < .001) and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (r = 0.784, P < .001).
conclusionThese findings suggest that cytotoxic T cells are implicated in the progression of chronic periapical lesions, which may be regulated by PD-L1+ macrophages. PD-1 may be involved in helper T cell exhaustion and regulatory T cell activity in chronic periapical lesions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We demonstrated the involvement of PD-L1 and PD-1 in the regulation of T cell immunity in chronic periapical lesions. These findings suggest that activating the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic periapical lesions.
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