ArticleVirus evolution2025
Transition of D3c branch and novel recombination events contribute to the diversity of Coxsackievirus A6 in Beijing, China, from 2019 to 2023.
Article in Virus evolution, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) is a major pathogen responsible for numerous outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. This study investigates the molecular evolution and recombination of CVA6 in Beijing, China. Full-length sequences of 54 CVA6 from Beijing (2019-2023) were obtained through metagenomic next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. These sequences were compared with representative sequences from GenBank to analyse their phylogenetic characteristics, recombination diversity, and evolutionary dynamics. The 54 CVA6 strains co-circulated with those from multiple provinces in China, as well as from South Korea and Japan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel D3c branch, with the VP1 T283A amino acid mutation identified as a key change in its formation. One sequence belonged to the D3a branch, while 53 sequences belonged to the D3c branch. Recombination analysis identified RF-A (46, 85.1%) and three novel recombinant forms (RFs): RF-Z (1, 1.9%), RF-AA (1, 1.9%), and RF-AB (6, 11.1%). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis estimated that the most recent common ancestor of D3c emerged in August 2013 (95% highest probability density (HPD): May 2012 to September 2014), with recombination events occurring in RF-Z (2017-2019), RF-AA (2019-2023), and RF-AB (2021-2023). In conclusion, we revealed a globally circulating CVA6 D3c branch and identified three novel RFs, providing valuable insights for the intervention and control of HFMD.
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