ArticleJACC. Advances2025
Historical Redlining and Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Disease Risk Factors, Prevalence, and Outcomes: A Scoping Review.
Article in JACC. Advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Joint association of physical activity and dietary quality with advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in older adults: A population-based study.Atencion primaria · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Advancing Preventive Cardiology: Innovations, Care Pathways, Global Challenges, and the Future of Cardiovascular Health Across the Life Course.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCardio-kidney-metabolic (CKM) diseases impact a large portion of the U.S. population each year, particularly among racial minorities and socially disadvantaged groups. Social factors contribute to this disparity, including barriers to healthcare access, structural racism, and sociocultural influences.
objectivesThis scoping review aimed to assess the understanding of how historical redlining has affected the prevalence and outcomes of CKM diseases.
methodsWe conducted a scoping review of multiple databases to identify studies examining the relationship between historical redlining and the risk factors, prevalence, and outcomes associated with CKM diseases. Data extraction focused on the type of study, linked databases, research questions, primary outcomes, and study quality.
resultsFrom an initial pool of 176 studies identified, 13 were included. Among these, 6 studies explored the impact of historical redlining on cardiovascular disease risk factors, prevalence, and metabolic disorders; 2 studies examined historical redlining in relation to heart failure; 2 studies focused on kidney disease; and 3 studies investigated atherosclerotic disease. Our findings indicate an association between historically redlined regions and increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, heart failure events, metabolic disease burden, and kidney failure incidence. The appraisal of these studies showed that the majority met 20 to 22 of the criteria outlined in the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist.
conclusionsThis scoping review highlighted significant associations between historically redlined neighborhoods in the United States and the prevalence and outcomes of CKM diseases. These findings have revealed the potential impact of structural racism and discriminatory practices on healthcare inequities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.