Trial reportDiabetologia2025
Inflammatory markers and blood glucose are higher after morning vs afternoon exercise in type 2 diabetes.
Trial report in Diabetologia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Time of Day Specific Glycaemic and Metabolic Response to High-Intensity Interval Training
Timed Exercise in Prediabetes With Extreme Chronotype
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Circadian biology and exercise: the time to move.Life metabolism · 2026Review
- Lifestyle intervention outcomes in T2DM and the added value of CGM: 6-month results from the Polish cohort of the C4D study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this study was to investigate effects of time of day on glucose management in individuals with type 2 diabetes undertaking high-intensity interval exercise. Additionally, the association between regular eating behaviour and mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions was examined. Specifically, the primary outcome was to determine the effect of the intervention on 24 h glucose levels.
methodsA crossover trial was conducted, comprising 12 men and 12 women with type 2 diabetes and 12 men and 12 women without diabetes. Participants performed high-intensity interval exercise sessions in the morning (09:00 hours) or afternoon (16:00 hours) on separate days at least 7 days apart. Standardised meals were provided the day before exercise, on the day of exercise and on the day after exercise. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to estimate blood glucose levels.
resultsThe 24 h glucose profile did not differ between morning and afternoon exercise across cohorts. However, morning exercise increased blood glucose during the 2 h post-exercise period in men (p<0.05) and women (p<0.01) with type 2 diabetes, but blood glucose was unaltered following afternoon exercise. Glycaemic variability (assessed using the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions) was reduced during the 3 day meal intervention in men (p<0.001) and women (p<0.05) with type 2 diabetes, but not in individuals without diabetes. Participants exhibited higher morning cortisol levels (p<0.001) compared with afternoon cortisol levels, independently of diagnosis. Individuals with type 2 diabetes exhibited higher levels of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein (p<0.001) and the heart failure marker NT-proBNP (p<0.001) in the morning than in the afternoon. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationIn type 2 diabetes, afternoon high-intensity interval exercise appears to be more effective than morning high-intensity interval exercise for maintaining glucose management. Further research is needed to explore how elevated morning cortisol levels and inflammatory markers influence the exercise response and affect glucose regulation. Additionally, consistent meal timing and controlled energy intake are recommended for reducing the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05115682.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.