Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40583055›Full record

ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2025

Prenatal melamine, aromatic amine, and psychosocial stress exposures and their association with gestational diabetes mellitus in a San Francisco pregnancy cohort.

Emily Lasher, Jessica Trowbridge, Alison Gemmill, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Erin DeMicco, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Jessie P Buckley, Tracey J Woodruff

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Emily LasherDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Franscisco, USA, CA. emily.lasher@ucsf.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-7468
Jessica TrowbridgeDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Franscisco, USA, CA.
Alison GemmillDepartment of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Rachel Morello-FroschSchool of Public Health and Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Erin DeMiccoDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Franscisco, USA, CA.
Kurunthachalam KannanWadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
Jessie P BuckleyDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Tracey J WoodruffDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, San Franscisco, USA, CA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundResearch suggests exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors may increase the risk of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Exposure to melamine and aromatic amines (AAs) is ubiquitous among pregnant people. However, studies investigating the maternal and fetal health effects of prenatal exposure are limited.

objectivesThis cross-sectional study aimed to (1) evaluate relationships between exposure to aromatic amines, melamine and its derivatives, and gestational diabetes in a pregnancy cohort in San Francisco, California, USA, (2) explore if non-chemical stressors modify these relationships, and (3) assess fetal sex differences using stratification.

methodsWe measured 36 AAs, melamine, and three of its derivatives in second-trimester urine samples (n = 607). Financial strain and psychosocial stress were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. GDM status was abstracted from medical records. We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models to calculate the odds of GDM associated with an interquartile range increase in urinary concentrations of melamine and AAs or higher levels of non-chemical stress, overall and stratified by infant sex. Interaction terms between each chemical and non-chemical stressor were used to test for effect modification.

resultsEight analytes were detected in >65% of participants, with 100% detection of melamine and cyanuric acid. Among male infants, summed urinary concentrations of melamine and its analogs and o-Anisidine were associated with increased odds of GDM (OR: 1.08 [1.00, 1.17], OR: 1.18 [1.03, 1.36], respectively). Higher levels of perceived stress and discrimination were also associated with increased odds of GDM (OR: 1.41 [0.73, 2.70], OR: 2.33 [1.16, 4.67], respectively). We found limited evidence of interaction between chemical and non-chemical stressors. IMPACT: This study revealed positive associations between melamine and its analogs, some aromatic amines, and gestational diabetes, especially among pregnant women carrying male fetuses. We also found that levels of perceived stress and discrimination were associated with gestational diabetes.

Indexed as

AminesDiabetes, GestationalMaternal ExposureStress, PsychologicalTriazinesAdultCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMalePregnancySan FranciscoYoung AdultAminesmelamineTriazinesaromatic aminesdiscriminationgestational diabetesmelamineo-anisidinepsychosocial stress

Identifiers

PMID40583055
PMCPMC12583148

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.