ArticleResearch square2025
Pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for systemic immune modulation in diabetes therapy.
Article in Research square, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The therapeutic revolution in thyroid eye disease: from orbital radiotherapy to teprotumumab and AI.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Embryos can achieve immune tolerance, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that markedly outperform mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, inhibiting activated T-cell proliferation, and inducing regulatory T-cell (Treg) formation through CDK8 downregulation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis reveals distinct molecular fingerprints of PSC EVs compared to those of MSC EVs. Moreover, comparative analyses show that PSC EVs contain unique proteins and microRNAs, such as the pluripotency-associated proteins ROR1 and CD133 and members of the miR-302 family, which are not found in MSC EVs, as determined by proteomic profiling and microRNA sequencing. Notably, the dynamic suspension culture of PSC aggregates significantly increases EV yield, offering a scalable and reproducible source superior to other cell sources. To evaluate their therapeutic potential, we employed an antigen-specific type 1 diabetes model and found that two local injections of iPSC EVs, particularly when delivered via a biomaterial scaffold, significantly enhanced diabetes-free survival. These treatments increased Treg populations in draining lymph nodes, induced systemic immunomodulation, and preserved β-cell mass from immune-mediated destruction. The immunomodulatory capability of PSC EVs suggests broad applications in treating autoimmune diseases and supporting stem cell-derived cell therapies by promoting immune tolerance. Their scalability, consistency, and superior therapeutic properties position PSC EVs as a compelling platform for next-generation immunotherapies and cell-based treatment strategies.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.