ArticleNucleic acids research2025
Extrusion fountains are restricted by WAPL-dependent cohesin release and CTCF barriers.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cohesin release-factor Wapl modulates axis and chromatin structure to promote conjunction and separation of meiotic chromosomes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Alterations in chromatin organization promote totipotent-like features in a DPPA2/DUX-dependent manner.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Cohesin-mediated loop extrusion and enhancer-associated factors additively contribute toGenes & development · 2026Article
- Cohesin cofactor dosage sets the rate of loop extrusion, rendering genome folding tunable yet vulnerable to genetic disruption.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Cohesin extrudes chromatin loop unidirectionally through two modes of mechanisms in human cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sequence design for three-dimensional genome folding using Akita Semifreddo.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Extrusion fountains are hallmarks of chromosome organization emerging upon zygotic genome activation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The role of cohesin loading at enhancers in the flux of loop extrusion and long-range transcriptional control.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Deciphering the 3D genome organization across species from Hi-C data.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Altered Cohesin Dynamics During Cellular Differentiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Spatial Chromatin Organization Across the Cell Cycle: Insights from Auxin-Inducible Protein Depletion.Cells · 2025Review
- Cohesin forms fountains at active enhancers in C. elegans.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Characterization of induced cohesin loop extrusion trajectories in living cells.Nature genetics · 2025Article
- Dosage sensitivity of the loop extrusion rate confers tunability to genome folding while creating vulnerability to genetic disruption.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- MIA-Jet: Multi-scale Identification Algorithm of Chromatin Jets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Interphase chromosomes are mainly shaped by loop extrusion and compartmentalisation mechanisms. However, their temporal component and cause-effect relationships remain largely unknown. In this study, we use acute degradation of WAPL, CTCF and cohesin in mouse embryonic stem cells to investigate the dynamics of loop extrusion and its relationship to compartmentalisation. Stabilisation of cohesin on chromatin by depletion of WAPL results in the formation of extended loops and promotes looping between non-convergent CTCF sites. Loss of WAPL also results in a rapid decrease in compartmentalisation, which is reversed by subsequent removal of cohesin, directly demonstrating the opposite role of extrusion on compartmentalisation. Using combined depletion of WAPL and CTCF, we identify fountains, a feature of chromosome organisation that emanates from enhancer regions and exhibits strong cohesin binding. Fountains form rapidly after mitosis and early in mammalian development. Cohesin depletion confirms that fountains are cohesin dependent, and their disruption leads to the downregulation of fountain-proximal genes, suggesting a role in gene regulation. Taken together, by exploiting the temporal precision of acute protein depletion, our study reveals fountains as an extrusion-mediated, fast-forming feature of 3D genome organisation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.