Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40593022›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Dielectric properties of individual cryoprotective agents and cocktails VS55, M22, DP6 at subzero temperatures for cryopreservation.

Lakshya Gangwar, Yicheng Jiang, Dametre Thunberg, Cameron Scheithauer, Michael L Etheridge, John C Bischof, Rhonda R Franklin

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Lakshya GangwarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Yicheng JiangDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Dametre ThunbergDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Cameron ScheithauerDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Michael L EtheridgeDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
John C BischofDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Rhonda R FranklinDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. rfrank01@umn.edu.

Funding

Organ banking for transplant—kidney cryopreservation by vitrification and novel nanowarming technologyR01DK117425 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI JOHN C BISCHOF, Erik Brian Finger · 2018 to 2026
$4.9M
Cryopreservation and nanowarming enables whole liver banking for transplantation, cell therapy and biomedical researchR01DK132211 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI JOHN C BISCHOF, Erik Brian Finger · 2023 to 2026
$2.6M
National Science Foundation EEC 1941543National Science Foundation EES 1712619NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK117425NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK132211NIH HHS R01DK117425
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A range of electromagnetic (EM) rewarming approaches are being studied with the potential to enable organ cryopreservation. EM heating of materials, including cryoprotective agents (CPAs), is mainly governed by dielectric properties (dielectric constant ε'-polarization and dielectric loss ε″-energy dissipation). To design effective EM rewarming protocols for cryopreserved biomaterials, understanding the behavior of individual CPA components and their mixtures is essential. For instance, in dielectric rewarming CPA is the target for heating, while in nanowarming CPA is off target for heating. This study measured the dielectric properties as function of CPA mixture composition (mole fraction), frequency (0.2 to 3 GHz) and temperature (20° to - 40 °C). Dielectric properties were measured using an open-ended-coaxial-probe and vector analyzer inside a control-rate-freezer (CRF) producing subzero temperatures. Dielectric loss and constant were reported for common CPA mixtures (M22, DP6, VS55) at subzero temperatures and their components (DMSO, Formamide, EG, PG) and binary mixtures at room temperature. As temperature decreased below 0 °C, loss in M22, DP6, and VS55 decreased at higher frequencies (~ 3 GHz) and increased at lower frequencies (~ 200 MHz). We also found that dielectric loss of CPA mixtures can exceed that of individual components likely related to relaxation time and Hydrogen-bonding at the molecular level. This study aids in CPA development for EM rewarming approaches advancing organ cryopreservation.

Indexed as

CryopreservationCryoprotective AgentsDimethyl SulfoxideTemperatureCryoprotective AgentsDimethyl SulfoxideCPAsCryopreservationDielectric propertiesDielectric rewarmingEM rewarmingNanowarming

Identifiers

PMID40593022
PMCPMC12217972

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.