ArticleScientific reports2025
Using twin data to examine heritable and intrauterine hormonal influences on transgender and gender diverse identities.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health concerns across the LGBTQIA+ spectrum.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gender diversity and the twin relationship: "If I'm feeling this way, shouldn't my twin be feeling this way too?"International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Mapping the Conceptual Terrain Avoiding Common Conflations: Tentative Guide to Fruitful Discussion about Sexes and Genders.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested genetic and prenatal hormonal contributions to gender diversity, albeit using small datasets. To further examine this issue, we recruited 27 twin pairs from two Australian specialist gender clinics, and obtained details of zygosity and self-reported gender identity. To increase the power of our analysis, we pooled our observations with previously published twin data that used comparable methods to ours. The pooled sample of 463 twin pairs comprised 47/222 (21.2%) MZ and 21/241 (8.7%) DZ concordant pairs. Based on a 1% population prevalence estimate, the estimated relative risk ratios for transgender concordance were 21.2 for MZ pairs (95%CI 16.4-27.3), and 8.7 for DZ pairs (95%CI 5.8-13.1). These findings suggest a substantial genetic contribution to gender diversity. In contrast, the combined results for concordance among same and opposite sex DZ pairs were 12/131 (9.2%) and 9/110 (8.2%) respectively, and did not support a role for prenatal sex hormones in the occurrence of gender diversity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.