Evidence mapPaperPMID 40594539Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Independent evolution of betulin biosynthesis in Inonotus obliquus.

Omid Safronov, Güleycan Lutfullahoglu Bal, Nina Sipari, Maya Wilkens, Pezhman Safdari, Olli-Pekka Smolander, Pia K Laine, Jenna Lihavainen, Niko Silvan, Sitaram Rajaraman and 7 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Whole-Genome Sequencing of PathogenicJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Omid SafronovOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. omid.safronov@helsinki.fi.
Güleycan Lutfullahoglu BalInstitute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Nina SipariViikki Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Maya WilkensInstitute of Molecular Biology GmbH, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
Pezhman SafdariOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Olli-Pekka SmolanderInstitute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Pia K LaineInstitute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Jenna LihavainenDepartment of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
Niko SilvanNatural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Horticulture Technologies, Helsinki, Finland.
Sitaram RajaramanOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Lars G PaulinInstitute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Teemu H TeeriDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Petri AuvinenInstitute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Tytti SarjalaNatural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Horticulture Technologies, Helsinki, Finland.
Kirk OvermyerOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Uwe RichterMolecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. uwe.richter@helsinki.fi.
Jarkko SalojärviOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. jarkko@ntu.edu.sg.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is a fungal species in the family Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) and the causative agent of white rot decay in Betula species. We assembled a high-quality 50.7 Mbp genome from PacBio sequencing and identified a lineage-specific whole genome duplication event approximately 1.3 million years ago, which has contributed to a major increase in biochemical diversity in the species through preferential retention of cytochrome P450 superfamily members. Secondary metabolism has further evolved through small-scale segmental duplications, such as tandem duplications within fungal biosynthetic gene clusters. Metabolomic fingerprinting confirmed increased complexity in terpene biosynthesis chemistry compared to related species that lacked the duplication event. This metabolic diversity may have arisen from co-evolution with the primary host species, which evolved high betulin content in its bark 4-8 million years ago.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularInonotusTriterpenesBetulinic AcidBiosynthetic PathwaysCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemGene DuplicationGenome, FungalMultigene FamilyPhylogenybetulinBetulinic AcidCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemTriterpenes

Identifiers

PMID40594539
PMCPMC12215010

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.