Evidence mapPaperPMID 40599552Full record

ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical policy and practice2025

Comparative assessment of rational use of drugs in public and private hospital pharmacies: a multicenter cross-sectional study using INRUD/WHO prescribing indicators.

Adil A Mahmoud, Asim Ahmed Elnour, Ali Awadallah Saeed, Vineetha Menon, Shereen A M Elhag, Omkalthoum Fathi G, Mohamed Ayoup M, Hussam Abdulhadi M A, Ahmed Sameer E, Mohamed Tahaa E and 6 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Adil A MahmoudDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1457-8172
Asim Ahmed ElnourProgram of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE).ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-7810
Ali Awadallah SaeedDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Mycetoma Research Center, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-4825
Vineetha MenonDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University-UAE.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2030-0962
Shereen A M ElhagFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6774-8060
Omkalthoum Fathi GFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5792-4716
Mohamed Ayoup MFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7538-1175
Hussam Abdulhadi M AFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0791-1827
Ahmed Sameer EFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6910-4103
Mohamed Tahaa EFaculty of Clinical and Industrial Pharmacy, National University-Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan.
Semira Abdi BeshirDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-4783
Nadia Al MazroueiDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-9730
Sami Fatehi AbdallaClinical Department, College of Medicine, University of Almaarefa, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad T AlsulamiClinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8989-7958
Yousef Saeed AlqarniDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Abuelnor MohammedDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, KSA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-3791

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Specific actions to promote the RUD in public and private hospitals are highly needed. The current study aimed to assess RUD based on World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators in selected public and private hospitals in Khartoum state-Sudan. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in six public and three private hospitals. After ethics approval, a consecutive random sample of 2880 patient encounter prescriptions was selected. The IRDP indicates adherence to RUD. Results: The average number of drugs per patient encounter prescription was 1.7 ± 0.2 and 2.5 ± 0.2 (overall 2.1) in public and private hospitals, respectively. Drugs prescribed generically were 61% (index 0.61) in public hospitals and 24% (index 0.24) in private hospitals. The index of injection prescribing was 0.1 for public and 0.85 for private hospitals. Drugs on the EDL accounted for 94% of prescriptions in public hospitals and 70% in private hospitals. The EDL prescribing index was 0.94 for public and 0.7 for private hospitals. The overall mean IRDP for public and private hospitals was 3.11. Conclusion: Inadequate prescribing patterns in public and private hospitals significantly deviate from WHO standards across most prescribing indicators. Consequently, public and private hospitals should strive to promote the RUD.

Indexed as

Essential Drug List (EDL)hospital pharmaciesIndex of Rational Drug Prescribing (IRDP)PolypharmacyPrescription rationalityRational Use of Drugs (RUD)World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators

Identifiers

PMID40599552
PMCPMC12210406

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.