ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2025
New insights in pathogenic mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-induced ocular toxicity through choroidal imaging analysis.
Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early detection of tamoxifen-induced retinal injury: ellipsoid zone reflectivity as a sensitive structural marker.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Conjunctival and retinal microvascular loss in systemic lupus erythematosus: a swept-source OCTA study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeTo analyze the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).
methodsWe conducted a retrospective study. The study included 28 healthy patients (56 eyes), 28 patients (56 eyes) using HCQ for 5 years or less (low-risk group), and 22 patients (44 eyes) using HCQ for more than 5 years (high-risk group), all diagnosed with different autoimmune diseases. CVI, total choroidal area (TCA), luminal choroidal area (LCA), stromal choroidal area (SCA), and vessel density (VD) in the choriocapillaris and in the mid choroid, measured using a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), were registered. In addition, asymmetry index was calculated.
resultsCVI was higher in the high-risk group compared with the control group and the low-risk group (p value < 0,001). In addition, the AI of CVI was lower in the high-risk group compared with the control group (p value 0,042). Regarding SS-OCTA parameters, VD in the mid choroid was lower in the high-risk group compared with the control group (p value 0,001). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the duration of HCQ therapy and the CVI (r 0,301, p value 0,002), and a negative correlation between HCQ therapy duration and the AI of the TCA, LCA, and SCA (r -0,309, -0,308 and - 0,281, p value 0,027, 0,028 and 0,038, respectively).
conclusionWe demonstrated a higher CVI in patients on long-term HCQ therapy. Therefore, we suggest that HCQ toxicity may involve the choroid, possibly as a maladaptive vascular response secondary to outer retinal stress induced by the drug.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.