ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Evidence of microbiome contribution to the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles funestus s.s.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolomic Changes Underpinning Permethrin Resistance in theACS measurement science au · 2026Article
- Bacterially expressed recombinant TMOF induces mortality and gut microbial alterations in Aedes albopictus larvae.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diversity of culturable gut bacteria and their role in conferring resistance to alpha-cypermethrin in field populations ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExacerbation of pyrethroid resistance severely jeopardises the effectiveness of malaria vector control efforts. However, the mechanisms enabling the vectors to now survive exposure to very high doses of pyrethroids remain unclear. Here, using High-throughput sequencing of the 16 S ribosomal RNA gene coupled with antibiotic treatment, we provide evidence linking the mosquito microbiome to the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in major African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles funestus (s.s.).
resultsPhenotypic characterisation of An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. funestus (s.s.) populations revealed a high level of resistance to pyrethroid in both species, with mortality rates < 91% at 10x the diagnostic dose of each insecticide. A significant difference in bacterial composition was observed in An. gambiae s.s. between resistant mosquitoes exposed to 1X and 10X the diagnostic dose of permethrin, and the susceptible strains (PERMANOVA-F: 8.06; p = 0.02). The abundance of Pseudomonas_1 (Log2FC: 4.42, p = 0.0001) and Burkholderia_1 (Log2FC: 4.95, p = 0.001) bacteria were consistently associated with mosquitoes surviving 1X and 10X the diagnostic concentrations of permethrin, respectively, while Serratia_2 bacteria was mostly associated with insecticide susceptibility. In the An. funestus s.s. strain, there was no significant difference in bacterial alpha- and beta-diversity between the FUMOZ-R (exhibiting normal deltamethrin resistance) and FUMOZ-HR (selected for high deltamethrin resistance), suggesting a minimal impact of selection pressure on bacterial composition. However, in FUMOZ-HR, there was an increase in the abundance of Rahnella (Log2FC: 15.954, p = 9.73 E-12) and Leucobacter (Log2FC: 7.6, p = 0.008) bacteria, indicating their potential role in worsening deltamethrin resistance. Furthermore, treating resistant mosquitoes (both Anopheles species) with broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin) via sugar solution increased their susceptibility to various diagnostic doses of permethrin and deltamethrin in WHO pyrethroid intensity bioassays.
conclusionOverall, our study emphasises the potential role of the microbiome in the escalation of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes, identifying key bacterial strains associated with insecticide resistance and susceptibility. These candidate bacteria warrant further investigation to elucidate the mechanisms by which they contribute to the escalation of pyrethroid resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.