ArticleBMC public health2025
Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess women's hookah smoking: insights from a multi-stage study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- From Menthol Cigarettes to Flavored Hookah: The Urgent Need for Stronger Policies.Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background of studyHookah smoking is a major concern worldwide, especially in Eastern Mediterranean countries. In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically test the factors underlying hookah smoking among women.
methodsWe conducted both qualitative and quantitative phases between 2019 and 2022. The study sample comprised women who smoked hookah and were visiting health centers in Bandar Abbas. The primary questionnaire items were developed based on the findings from the qualitative phase of the study. The validity of the questionnaire was tested using the item impact, content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and face validity. A total of 485 subjects completed the questionnaire for an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 485 subjects did so for a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
resultsIn the qualitative phase, 97 items were generated to enter the psychometric phase. Twelve items were removed based on the content validity results and six were removed in the face validity phase. In the EFA, 16 items were removed with factor loadings less than 0.3, and 81 items were loaded on 16 factors. CFA results of the 16-factor structure of the questionnaire included socio-economic deficiencies, role of advertisement and education, availability, fun and entertainment, hookah smoking in family and relatives, search for peace, others’ attention and approval, physical/mental dependence, color, flavor and sound of hookah, happy environment of coffee shops, pleasant experience of the first puff of hookah smoking, more acceptability of hookah smoking in society (vs. cigarettes), false beliefs, low self-efficacy, peer pressure, and family tendencies.
conclusionThis study provides a robust, reliable, and valid tool to identify the complex social, psychological, and environmental factors driving hookah smoking among women in Iran. The findings underscore the urgent need for tailored, multi-pronged public health interventions to curb this emerging global health threat.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.