ArticleBMC public health2025
Association between ultra-processed foods and female infertility: a large cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of infertility in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Ultra-processed food exposure and health outcomes: Current evidence, controversies, and future perspectives.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Is obesity the missing link? Ultra-processed foods and metabolic and reproductive outcomes: a narrative review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfertility is a significant challenge in women's reproductive health, but the relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and female infertility remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between UPF intake and female infertility.
methodsUsing data from 3601 women in the NHANES database, UPF intake was defined as the percentage of energy consumed by UPF in each participant's daily total food intake energy. Propensity score matching (PSM) and logistic regression were applied to control for potential confounders and analyze the relationship between UPF intake and female infertility. In addition, the restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to model the potential non-linear relationships.
resultsAfter PSM, 1645 participants were included in the final analysis, comprising 417 in the infertility group and 1228 in the control group. Compared to the first quartile (Q1), UPF intake in the fourth quartile (Q4) was significantly associated with infertility in both unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models (unadjusted OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.05-1.96, P = 0.025; adjusted OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.03-2.00, P = 0.033, respectively). No significant non-linear relationship was observed between UPF intake and infertility. However, the curve showed an overall upward trend, with a notable increase in infertility risk when UPF intake exceeded 40.8%.
conclusionExcessive UPF intake is significantly associated with an increased risk of female infertility. Future prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes are still needed to provide more stable evidence of the relationship between UPF intake and female infertility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.