Evidence mapPaperPMID 40607064Full record

ArticleClinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology2025

Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Reducing Cardiovascular and Renal Mortality, Morbidity and Inflammatory Outcomes in Various Patient Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 92 920 Patients.

Syed Hamza Haider, Areeka Irfan, Samir Mustafa Sheikh, Muhammad Omar Larik, Alishba Raza, Yumna Khabir

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Syed Hamza HaiderDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6886-5071
Areeka IrfanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4608-5026
Samir Mustafa SheikhDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Muhammad Omar LarikDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2328-6801
Alishba RazaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Yumna KhabirDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The effect of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 inhibitors on cardiovascular, renal, dyslipidemia, and inflammatory markers has not been analyzed simultaneously. The goal is to determine if SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduce cardiovascular and renal mortality, and improve these health outcomes. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases were used to conduct a comprehensive literature search from inception to September 2023. Randomized control trials with follow-up for at least 8 weeks, with a group taking SGLT2 inhibitors being compared with a group taking either placebo or other medication, in which cardiovascular outcomes, renal outcomes, lipid biomarkers, and inflammatory markers were reported as the primary outcomes were included. The statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager with a random-effects model. Results: Thirteen studies comprising 92 920 patients were analyzed for several outcomes. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in overall mortality, death due to heart failure, cardiovascular causes, and renal causes in the SGLT2 inhibitor group as compared to placebo. Pooled results also revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of renal replacement therapy and renal composite endpoint in patients on SGLT2 inhibitors. There was also a significant reduction in IL-6, TNF-a, systolic blood pressure in the same group. On the other hand, Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD), lipid profile, and the incidence of amputations and fractures showed no significant associated SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that diabetics and non-diabetics suffering from cardiovascular and renal diseases experience a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from SGLT2 inhibitor therapy, leading to a better prognosis of such conditions in the long-term.

Indexed as

cardiologycardiovascularendothelial dysfunctionheart failuremeta analysispharmacologySGLT2 inhibitor

Identifiers

PMID40607064
PMCPMC12214313

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.