ReviewArchives of toxicology2025
Gadolinium toxicity: mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and nanoparticle role.
Review in Archives of toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Use of Non-Contrast Abbreviated MRI for the Detection of Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Postoperative Surveillance.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Multifunctional Nano-Contrast Agent Carriers: From Traditional Platforms to Next-Generation Theranostic Applications in Molecular Imaging.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Carbon dioxide angiography-guided balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with iodinated contrast allergy.Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Utility of Multi-Analyte Protein Assay to Distinguish Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Relapse from Pseudoexacerbation.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents and the Theater of Safety.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Article
- [Fe-EOB-tCDTA] generates strong contrast in the blood but not in the liver, despite inhibiting cellular [Gd-EOB-DTPA]European radiology experimental · 2026Article
- Human Transthyretin with a Tailored Gd(III) Complex as a High-Relaxivity MRI Contrast Agent.Inorganic chemistry · 2026Article
- Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biphenol-Based Gadolinium Complex for Encapsulation in Human Red Blood Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Gadolinium-based contrast agents in pediatric MRI: renal safety, risk mitigation, and emerging alternatives.Pediatric radiology · 2026Review
- Gadolinium Nanoparticles: Emerging Platforms Beyond Imaging for Drug Delivery and Theranostics.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Cerebral Accumulation of Gadolinium (GdTomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2026Article
- Repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent exposure increases depression-like behavior in rats.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Article
- Use of Urine Bags Following Contrast-Enhanced Radiological Procedures: Option to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Contrast Agents and a New Source for Scientific Analyses.Korean journal of radiology · 2026Article
- Progress in the Development of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Medical Imaging of Tumors: Prospects and Challenges.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Case Report: A hypothesis-generating case of gadolinium retention and persistent symptoms after MRI despite normal renal function in a patient with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Theranostic Nanoprobes for Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Inflammation Visualization to Guided Precision Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Lanthanide Nanotheranostics in Radiotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Combining Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Drug Discovery-A Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Transmetalation in Cancer Pharmacology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), essential for MRI, are facing renewed scrutiny due to gadolinium (Gd) retention and emerging toxicity profiles. While the link between less stable agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) in renal impairment is established, gadolinium (Gd) deposition is also observed in the brain, bone, and skin across all GBCA classes, even in patients with normal renal function. This finding has raised concerns and led to a concept of Gadolinium Deposition Disease (GDD). The present review synthesizes current evidence on clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms. It highlights pathways beyond traditional transmetallation, particularly endogenous nanoparticle formation as a key mechanism for Gd release and retention, potentially challenging the stability assumptions for even macrocyclic agents. Structural factors (linear/macrocyclic; ionic/non-ionic) and stability parameters (thermodynamic log K; kinetic kobs) influencing risk are evaluated alongside regulatory responses. GBCAs should be viewed not as inert diagnostics but as agents with complex, cumulative biological interactions. Future research should focus on developing non-gadolinium alternatives, validating biomarkers for early detection of Gd retention, and conducting controlled trials on chelation therapy efficacy. Clinicians must balance the diagnostic benefits of GBCAs with potential long-term risks, ensuring informed patient consent and judicious use. Innovative approaches, such as Gd-grafted nanodiamonds with high relaxivity and enhanced safety via polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating, may offer alternatives to traditional GBCAs by reducing toxicity risks. Manganese-based contrast agents, such as Mn-PyC3A, show promise as safer alternatives due to efficient renal and hepatobiliary elimination, even in renal impairment, as demonstrated in rat models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.