Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40623649›Full record

ArticleJournal of sport and health science2025

Content validation of the Global Adolescent and Child Physical Activity Questionnaire (GAC-PAQ) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries across 6 continents.

Richard Larouche, Saulo Neves de Oliveira, Mahdi Rostami Haji Abadi, Judy K Benavides-Castro, Olga L Sarmiento, Garazi Angulo Garay, Gabriela Argumedo, Joseph O Ashaolu, Ameneh Baghestani, Jasmin Bhawra and 38 more

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Article in Journal of sport and health science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

48 authors.

Richard LaroucheFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. Electronic address: richard.larouche@uleth.ca.
Saulo Neves de OliveiraFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; School of Education, Ambrose University, Calgary, AB T3H 0L5, Canada.
Mahdi Rostami Haji AbadiFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
Judy K Benavides-CastroSchool of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
Olga L SarmientoSchool of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
Garazi Angulo GarayDepartment of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
Gabriela ArgumedoDepartment of Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico.
Joseph O AshaoluDepartment of Physiotherapy, Redeemer's University, Akoda 232101, Nigeria.
Ameneh BaghestaniCollege of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai PO Box 505055, United Arab Emirates.
Jasmin BhawraSchool of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
Javier Brazo-SayaveraDepartment of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
Nutnaree ChoonakInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Christine Delisle NyströmDepartment of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Group MLÖ, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden.
Seth EvanceCentre for Social Research, University of Malawi, Zomba 305200, Malawi.
Zdenek HamrikFaculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic.
Alejandra JáureguiDepartment of Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico.
Piyakrita KaewpikulInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Piyawat KatewongsaInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Anuradha KhadilkarHirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune 411001, India; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
Geoff KiraTe Hau Kori, Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, Aotearoa New Zealand.
McPherry KuntembweCentre for Social Research, University of Malawi, Zomba 305200, Malawi.
Yang LiuSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
Marie LöfDepartment of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Group MLÖ, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden.
Tom LoneyCollege of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai PO Box 505055, United Arab Emirates.
Maria LundgrenDepartment of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Group MLÖ, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden.
Rubina MandlikHirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune 411001, India; Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
Martine Matapo-KoliskoTe Hau Kori, Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, Aotearoa New Zealand.
Chidvilas MoreHirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune 411001, India.
Tawonga W Mwase-VumaCentre for Social Research, University of Malawi, Zomba 305200, Malawi; Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK.
Nattaporn NilwattaInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Adewale L OyeyemiDepartment of Physiotherapy, Redeemer's University, Akoda 232101, Nigeria; College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
Susan PaudelNepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
Nanthawan PomkaiInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Justin RichardsTe Hau Kori, Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, Aotearoa New Zealand.
Diego Augusto Santos SilvaDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil.
Melody SmithWaipapa Taumata Rau/University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Narayan SubediNepal Development Society, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
Dyah Anantalia WidyastariInstitute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Oliver W A WilsonTe Hau Kori, Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, Aotearoa New Zealand.
Salomé AubertActive Healthy Kids Global Alliance, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
Valerie CarsonFaculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada.
Rachel C ColleyHealth Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0T6, Canada.
Dale W EsligerSchool of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
Nicholas KuzikHealthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
Taru ManyangaDivision of Medical Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.
John J ReillyDepartment of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK.
Leigh M VanderlooHealthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; ParticipACTION, Toronto, Ontario M5R 1P6, Canada; School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.
Mark S TremblayActive Healthy Kids Global Alliance, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 5B2, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInvestigators from low-, middle-, and high-income countries representing 6 continents contributed to the development of the Global Adolescent and Child Physical Activity Questionnaire (GAC-PAQ). The GAC-PAQ is designed to assess physical activity (PA) across all key domains (i.e., school, chores, work/volunteering, transport, free time, outdoor time). It aimed to address multiple gaps in global PA surveillance (e.g., omission of important PA domains, insufficient cultural adaptation, underrepresentation of rural areas in questionnaire validation studies).The purpose of this study was to assess the content validity of the GAC-PAQ among PA experts, 8- to 17-year-olds, and one of their parents/guardians, and to discuss changes made to the questionnaire based on participants' feedback.

methodsSixty-two experts in PA measurement and/or surveillance from 24 countries completed an online survey that included both closed- and open-ended questions about the content validity of the GAC-PAQ. The proportion of experts who agreed or strongly agreed with the items was calculated. Child-parent/guardian dyads from 15 countries (n = 250; 10-40 per country) participated in a structured cognitive interview to assess the clarity of the questions and response options, and they were encouraged to provide suggestions to improve clarity and facilitate completion of the questionnaire. Participating countries are: Aotearoa New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, India, Malawi, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates. Interviews were conducted in 13 different languages and structured by PA domain. Generic images were included to help participants in answering questions about PA intensity.

resultsExpert agreement with the items for each domain exceeded 75%, and their qualitative feedback was used to revise the questionnaire before cognitive interviews. In general, participants found the questionnaire to be comprehensive. Adolescents (12-17 years) found it easier than children (8-11 years) to answer the questions. Several children struggled to answer questions about the duration and intensity of activities and/or concepts related to travel modes, active trips, and organized activities. Many parents/guardians were unsure about the frequency, duration, and intensity of their children's or adolescents' PA at school and/or recommended using more culturally relevant and appropriate images. Some participants misunderstood the concept of activities that "make you stronger" (intended to assess resistance activities) and/or struggled to differentiate between work, volunteering, and chores.

conclusionParticipants' feedback was used to develop a revised, simplified, and culturally adapted GAC-PAQ, which will be pilot-tested in all 15 countries in an App that will include country-specific images and narration in local languages. Further research is needed to assess the reliability and validity of the revised GAC-PAQ.

Indexed as

Content validityCultural adaptationGlobal healthMeasurementSurveillance

Identifiers

PMID40623649
PMCPMC12828600

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.