ArticleScientific reports2025
Biochemical and psychological markers of fatigue and recovery in mixed martial arts athletes during strength and conditioning training.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Contrast Heat-Cold Versus Thermoneutral Showering in Trained Combat Sport Athletes: A Randomized Field Trial of Recovery Outcomes.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2026Trial
- Identification of signal-based gait features and blood analytes associated with stroke status and walking speed in mild acute ischemic stroke.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Pre-exercise mood, sex-specific hormonal and neuromodulatory responses to maximal exertion in elite rowers.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Hematological, inflammatory, and hypoxia-responsive adaptations to 18-day normobaric live high-train low training in elite rowers.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Exercise-induced oxidative and hematological responses in adolescent female swimmers during the luteal phase.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Physiological Responder Profiles and Fatigue Dynamics in Prolonged Cycling.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Anxiety level modulates endocrine and neuromodulatory responses to maximal exercise and 24-h recovery in elite rowers.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) training imposes significant physiological and psychological demands, increasing the risk of overtraining. This study aimed to assess temporal changes in biochemical and psychological fatigue and recovery markers during a structured 3-week strength and conditioning training program in professional MMA athletes. Ten male MMA athletes (26.2 ± 0.9 years; 7.0 ± 2.0 years of training experience) participated. Blood samples and psychological assessments (Profile of Mood States - POMS) were collected at four time points: pre-training (T-0), and after each training week (T-1, T-2, T-3). Analyzed biomarkers included cortisol, testosterone, catecholamines, hs-CRP, creatine kinase, and metabolic markers. Data were analyzed using repeated measures statistical tests to assess time-dependent changes. Cortisol and hs-CRP increased significantly after the first week (p < 0.01), while testosterone and catecholamines remained stable. Creatine kinase showed a persistent rise (p < 0.01), indicating muscle damage. Psychological assessments revealed increased fatigue, tension, and confusion, with reduced vigor (p < 0.05). Despite biochemical markers partially recovering, subjective fatigue persisted, highlighting a disconnect between physiological and psychological recovery. These findings highlight the importance of integrated monitoring strategies that include both biochemical and psychological assessments. The divergence between physiological and psychological recovery underscores the complexity of athlete fatigue and the need for integrated recovery interventions. Future research should explore long-term adaptations, sex-based differences, and targeted recovery strategies to optimize training, performance, and well-being in MMA athletes.
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