Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40624645›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

The associations between mixed blood heavy metal exposure and depressive symptom: a cross-sectional study in Shandong, China.

Jing Hou, Yi He, Haifeng Lian, Haosen Yan, Jialian Li, Lailai Yan, Wenzhong Huang, Yiwen Zhang, Sen Gao, Hongwei Sun and 1 more

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Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Jing Hou *School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
Yi He *Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Haifeng Lian *School of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
Haosen YanSchool of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
Jialian LiDepartment of Service and Management, School of Public Service, Yantai Preschool Education College, Yantai, Shandong, China.
Lailai YanPeking University, Beijing, China.
Wenzhong HuangDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Yiwen ZhangDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sen GaoSchool of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
Hongwei SunSchool of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China. sunhongwei@bzmc.edu.cn.
Peng LuSchool of Public Health, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China. peng.lu@monash.edu.

Funding

National Science Foundation of China 42307549Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province ZR202103050697Taishan Scholar Foundation tsqn202211228
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGiven the limited research on the effects of heavy metals on depressive symptoms in young adults and the high prevalence of depression within this age group, it is essential to investigate the potential impact of heavy metals on depressive symptoms.

methodsThis study involved 2027 college students from Shandong, China. Blood concentrations of heavy metals were measured, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The Environmental Risk Score (ERS) was used to analyze the relationship between mixed blood heavy metal exposure and depressive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) to explore the mixing effect of heavy metals.

resultsA significant positive association was found between ERS and the risk of depressive symptoms. The main effects of silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), lanthanum (La), and cerium (Ce) were also positively associated with depressive symptoms. Notably, Ce showed an inverted “U”-shaped nonlinear relationship with depressive symptoms risk. La and Ce exhibited antagonistic effects on the increased risk.

conclusionIn summary, mixed exposure to these five metals may be on the relationship between heavy metal exposure and depressive symptoms in young adults.

Indexed as

DepressionEnvironmental ExposureMetals, HeavyChinaCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultMetals, HeavyBlood heavy metalsDepressive symptomsEnvironmental risk scoresMixturesYoung adults

Identifiers

PMID40624645
PMCPMC12235819

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.