ArticleCureus2025
Frequency of Gallstones in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolically related liver disease that is becoming increasingly prevalent globally, due to rising obesity, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyles. Concurrently, gallstone disease is a prevalent biliary disease and shares similar risk factors to NAFLD, such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. In Pakistan, due to a paradigm shift toward urbanization and sedentary lifestyles in recent times, the data are scarce regarding the coexistence of gallstones in the NAFLD population. Therefore, we aimed to find the frequency of gallstones among the NAFLD population and compare the clinical, biochemical, and metabolic profiles of cases of NAFLD presenting with and without gallstones. Study methodology A cross-sectional observational study was carried out at the Department of Hepatogastroenterology and General Surgery, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, from January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023. There were 246 adult patients (age 18 years or above) diagnosed with NAFLD by ultrasound. Those patients having significant alcohol use, pre-existing liver illness, previous cholecystectomy, pregnancy, or drugs that alter the lipid profile were excluded. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory data were recorded, and a fasting abdominal ultrasound was carried out to diagnose NAFLD and identify gallstones. SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for data analysis, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 246 patients with NAFLD, 152 (62%) were women. The mean age was 48.3 ± 10.2 years. Gallstones were diagnosed in 55 (22.4%) of the patients. Advanced age (p = 0.013), female gender (p = 0.037), increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels (p = 0.029), and increased triglyceride levels (p ≤ 0.01) were significantly associated with gallstones. Conclusion This study points toward a high co-occurrence of gallstone disease in NAFLD patients, which is 22.4%. Major risk factors were female gender, old age, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased GGT levels. Timely detection and specific screening for gallstones in patients with NAFLD may reduce biliary complications and also lead to better clinical outcomes. It is advisable to conduct multicenter prospective studies for the generalizability of the findings of this study.
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