Evidence mapPaperPMID 40628702Full record

ReviewThe pharmacogenomics journal2025

Analyzing pharmacogenetics cost effectiveness and savings across common health conditions in the United States.

Mayuri S Patel, Emily J Cicali, Frank A Orlando

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in The pharmacogenomics journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Mayuri S PatelUniversity of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Emily J CicaliUniversity of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3595-9321
Frank A OrlandoUniversity of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA. forlando@ufl.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-4924-1035

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This review describes healthcare cost effectiveness/savings for pharmacogenetics (PGx) and relevant clinical outcomes in selected common health conditions. PGx allows targeted drug treatment based on genotype and phenotype. Studies highlight how PGx testing reduces the morbidity and mortality of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by predicting unexpected drug metabolism due to genetic variation in cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and drug-drug interactions caused by altered CYP enzyme phenotype. Despite many available PGx testing platforms and PGx-guided treatments, clinical implementation remains challenging and slow due to limited (1) insurance coverage and reimbursement of testing and pharmacist interpretation, (2) outcome data such as evidence showing the benefits of preemptive PGx testing for efficacy or ADR prevention, and (3) promotion of PGx testing among healthcare professionals. Of these, cost is the most significant barrier to patients and the healthcare system. This review describes how PGx testing can be cost effective or cost saving for payors and the healthcare system, especially for depression, cardiovascular disease, and ADRs.

Indexed as

Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost SavingsDrug-Related Side Effects and Adverse ReactionsPharmacogeneticsPharmacogenomic TestingCost-Effectiveness AnalysisCytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemHumansUnited StatesCytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.