Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40632222›Full record

SynthesisEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Heavy strength training effects on physiological determinants of endurance cyclist performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Cristian Llanos-Lagos, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Eduardo Sáez de Villarreal

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Cristian Llanos-LagosPhysical Performance Sports Research Centre (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41704, Seville, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-6906-4977
Rodrigo Ramirez-CampilloExercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-3279
Eduardo Sáez de VillarrealPhysical Performance Sports Research Centre (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41704, Seville, Spain. esaesae@upo.es.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9583-9287

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEndurance cycling performance is determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO

aimThe aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to analyse heavy strength training effects on physiological determinants of endurance cyclists' performance.

methodsA systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus including articles indexed up to February 2025. Following the PICOS criteria: Population, endurance cyclists aged ≥ 18 years or older, without restriction of sex or performance level; Intervention, heavy strength training (≥ 3 weeks); Comparator, group that performed cycling endurance training without receiving heavy strength training; Outcome, physiological determinants of endurance cycling (i.e., VO

resultsIncluded studies (n = 17) comprised 262 participants (60 female) with a mean initial VO

conclusionHeavy strength training can improve cycling performance (i.e., time to exhaustion; time trial) in endurance cyclist. This improvement may be mainly due to an improvement in cycling efficiency and anaerobic power. These results occur without changes in VO PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The original protocol was registered ( https://osf.io/75xt4 ) at the Open Science Framework.

Indexed as

Athletic PerformanceBicyclingPhysical EnduranceResistance TrainingEndurance TrainingFemaleHumansMaleOxygen ConsumptionConcurrent trainingCycling efficiencyEndurance cyclingResistance training

Identifiers

PMID40632222
PMCPMC12881108

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.