ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2025
Oral contraceptive use increases bone density and reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Meta-ERS: an exposome-based risk score using non-genetic factors to guide osteoporosis prevention.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Nonlinear Association of Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity With Bone Health Outcomes: Evidence From the NHANES Database.International journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Causal Effects of Female Reproductive and Hormonal Factors on Osteoporosis, Bone Mineral Density, and Osteoarthritis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Breast cancer risk during oral contraceptive use in women with high polygenic risk.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures, largely resulting from reduced estrogen levels after menopause and subsequent bone loss, are a leading cause of disability among older women. Although oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) contain estrogen, their long-term impact on bone health and osteoporosis risk remain uncertain. Here, we assessed the effect of OCP use on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis using data from 257,185 women from the UK Biobank, born 1936-1970. Time-dependent Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for osteoporosis, while multivariable linear regression was used to assess the effect of OCP use on BMD, measured as T-scores in standard deviation units based on quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus. By the end of follow-up in 2020, 7.6% of the participants had received an osteoporosis diagnosis. The rate of osteoporosis was lower among ever OCP users (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.83-0.89; P = 2.8 × 10
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Registered trials
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